Building Innovation System for the Diffusion of Renewable EnergyTechnology: Practices in Ethiopia and Bangladesh

AbstractThe diffusion of renewable energy technologies (RETs) has been progressing very slowly in global scope, particularly in developing countries where the diffusion challenges for renewable are greater. Among potential actors in the promotion and diffusion of rural-based renewable energy innovations, NGOs and NPOs have been mentioned as promising actors. However, empirical studies that show the role of the actors and the way they can besystem builders by diffusing existing technologies have been very rare. This paper discusses the practices of an NGO in Ethiopia (Solar Energy Foundation) and an NPO in Bangladesh (Grameen Shakti) and showshowlocal technological innovation systems can be built bykey actors in the context of developing countries. The studysheds light on the process of system building for accelerated diffusion of RETs in the context of developing countries. Using a theoretical framework, we compared the approach, technology adoption trend (solar home systems diffusion), and common challenges facing both actors in their respective countries. The two empirical cases which are in different geographical contexts provided lessons on thesimilarities and differences of system building practices and emerging innovation systems for diffusion of RETs in developing countries

Utilization of solar and wind energy to improve the quality of life for rural communities in Blora Regency – Indonesia: from triple helix to quadruple helix

5th International Conference Planning in the Era of Uncertainty (5th ICPEU 2021) 19th July 2021, Malang, IndonesiaStudies of triple helix field indicated that involvement of academician, business, government (ABG) were leading players in bringing up invention to be innovation. In the current decade, society actor served as the new actor added in the ABG-S frame concerning to the sustainability issue of innovation. This study aimed to present the role of the concerned actors in proposing an innovative product of a combined solar and wind energy generator installed in rural areas of Blora Regency. Blora was one of the regions in the Central Java Province that utilized electrical energy sourced from non-fossil. A Qualitative research method was utilized in this study to disclose the involvement of each actor in Blora's case. The study reported that ABG-S actors' involvement in implementing a combined solar and wind energy generator to the villages

Prognostic significance of the 8th edition of the TNM classification for patients with extensive disease small cell lung cancer

Masayuki Shirasawa,1,* Tomoya Fukui,1,* Seiichiro Kusuhara,1 Yasuhiro Hiyoshi,1 Mikiko Ishihara,1 Masashi Kasajima,1 Yoshiro Nakahara,1 Sakiko Otani,1 Satoshi Igawa,1 Masanori Yokoba,2 Hisashi Mitsufuji,3 Masaru Kubota,1 Masato Katagiri,1 Jiichiro Sasaki,4 Katsuhiko Naoki1 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; 2Department of Medical Laboratory, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan; 3Fundamental Nursing, Kitasato University School of Nursing, Kanagawa, Japan; 4Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is typically categorized according to disease extent as limited or extensive, and utility of the 8th TNM classification, recommended for lung cancer staging, which demonstrates a strong association with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) management, remains unclear.Methods: This retrospective study included 277 consecutive SCLC patients treated at a single institution between 2008 and 2016.Results: According to the currently used two-stage system, 186 (65.7%) of the patients were classified as having extensive disease (ED)-SCLC. Among the ED-SCLC patients, ten (5.3%), 38 (20.4%), 32 (17.2%), and 106 (57.0%) were categorized into stages M0, M1a, M1b, and M1c, respectively, according to the 8th TNM classification. There was a significant difference in overall survival based on the M descriptors: 15.8 (95% CI 9.4–22.2) months in the M1b group vs 7.3 (95% CI 5.7–8.9) months in the M1c group (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that in addition to the known prognostic factors such as performance status, serum albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase, M descriptor was a prognostic factor (HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.38–2.77; P<0.001).Conclusion: The 8th TNM classification has a prognostic value in SCLC. Similarly to NSCLC, treatment approaches should be considered on the basis of the 8th TNM classification, especially stage IVA separate from stage IVB in ED-SCLC patients. Keywords: small cell lung cancer, extensive disease, TNM stage, prognosi