Топология оптических сетей FTTH (Fiber-to-the-Home)

This article describes different architecture of access networks, access protocols; also, we analyzed the characteristics of optical networks FTTH (Fiber to the Home). The optical fiber with today is the main transport medium in the backbone and metro network. Using of fiber optic cable instead of copper cable has allowed to significantly increasing the quality of service. The greatest potential for broadband networks today have a fiber-optic technology under the general term FTTX (Fiber To The X - fiber to the X point), in which from the node connection to a specified location (point X) comes optics, and then to the subscriber - copper cable (and possible option, in which optics routed directly to a subscriber unit). Fiber optic access networks currently based on different architectures and technologies. Standards for these technologies and available of equipment make development of service-provider networks without risks. The success of their work stimulate to the dynamic development of the industry. Nowadays the PON architecture became very popular. The main factors of the most configurations of Ethernet FTTH it is the flexibility of the business model and the ability to support future services.В настоящее время архитектуры на базе PON получили большое распространение. Основными факторами большинства конфигураций Ethernet FTTH является гибкость бизнес-модели и способность поддерживать будущие сервисы. В этой статье описываются различные архитектуры сетей доступа, рассматриваются протоколы доступа, а также анализируются характеристики оптических сетей FTTH (Fiber to the Home). Успешность их деятельности является стимулом к динамичному развитию этой отрасли

Modern views about reproductive health and potential in women with HIV infection and viral blood-borne hepatitis

The article presents a review of literature devoted to the epidemiology of HIV infection in the world and Russia, as well as the investigation of reproductive disorders in women with HIV infection and viral blood-borne hepatitis. Actuality of the problem lies in the fact that grows the number of HIV infected and having blood-borne viral hepatitis with involvement in the epidemiological process people of reproductive age, and especially the increase in the number of HIV-infected women of childbearing age. Importantly, it is necessary to predict, diagnose and correct reproductive disorders in women, taking into account basic patterns and risk factors for the formation of such violations with a view to the restoration and preservation of reproductive capacity and ability to have healthy children

Ethnic difference of neuroendocrine regulation in women with reproductive disturbances associated with genital tuberculosis

Genital tuberculosis is an actual socially significant disease associated with tubal peritoneal infertility, as well as hormonal disorders of women of fertile age. Studies of the prevalence of genital tuberculosis among women with infertility in other countries and various ethnic groups have not been found, but ethnic factors must be taken into account when assessing epidemiology, causes, clinical characteristics of the course and outcomes of many diseases. The aim of the work was to establish the clinical and hormonal features of reproductive disorders associated with tuberculosis of the genital organs in women of the two main ethnic groups in the Republic of Buryatia. Hormonal features have been revealed in women with reproductive disorders and genital tuberculosis, which are characterized by a statically significant decrease in the levels of estradiol, progesterone and free testosterone in the blood serum compared to women in whom genital tuberculosis has not been verified. When analyzing ethnic characteristics, it is shown that for women with reproductive disorders associated with genital tuberculosis, a decrease in the level of ovarian hormones in the blood serum is characteristic, and also a higher level of free testosterone and a decrease in free T4 in serum for women in the Buryat ethnogroup with the Russians. Timely detection of a decrease in the level of ovarian hormones in women with reproductive disorders and genital tuberculosis will allow rational and effective correction of hypogonadism

Comparative characteristics of nasopharynx microbiota and vaginal biotope in women with reproductive disorders

Nasopharyngeal flora contributes much to the development of many diseases, including the urinary system diseases. The aim was to compare the vaginal microbiota biotope and nasopharynx microbiota in women with reproductive disorders (RD). The study involved 97 women with RD (infertility, miscarriage). The control group comprised women with chronic endometritis (CE), RD and chronic tonsillitis (CT) (n = 65), mean age was 31.0 ± 5.3. CE was diagnosed using histologic analysis and ultrasound studies. The comparison group consisted of 32 women with RD without CE and HT, representative by age. Endometrial sampling was conducted by endometrial pipelle biopsy taken on 5-11th days of the menstrual cycle. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken on an empty stomach. Due to reduced indigenous microbiota in the studied habitats the number of opportunistic pathogenic microflora such as Staphylococci, Enterococci, fungi, E. coli and etiologically significant Streptococcus (in nasopharynx) was increased. Streptococci in the nasopharynx indicate that the troubles are in vaginal biotope, which leads to inflammatory diseases and reproductive disorders. Everything mentioned demonstrates common etiopathogenic mechanisms for the development of pathological processes of various localizations. Thus, it is important to pay close attention to all rehabilitation centers specializing on chronic infections, which will improve the treatment of CE

SOME RESULTS OF ACTIVE DETECTION OF GENITAL TUBERCULOSIS IN INFERTILE WOMEN

The article presents the results of analysis of statistics and hospital records of women of reproductive age with infertility, who were examined in 2008—2011. It was shown that after the implication of active monitoring of infertile women tubercolosis prevalence in risk group increased from 0 to 18 %

Prognosis and diagnosis of reproductive disorders associated with genital tuberculosis in women

Diagnosis of tuberculosis of female genitalia is based on a complex of traditional and new diagnostic methods used in a certain sequence in outpatient and/or inpatient settings. Because of insufficiently effective diagnostic tests, genital tuberculosis is often detected in irreversible anatomical changes, when the prospects for restoring the reproductive function are unsatisfactory. The aim of the work was to identify socio-economic and biomedical risk factors for reproductive disorders associated with genital tuberculosis in order to create statistical models for the prediction and diagnosis of these disorders. To study the connection between the presence of genital tuberculosis and a number of prognostic and diagnostic features, the method of nonlinear regression analysis (logistic regression) was used. Statistical models of prognosis and diagnosis of reproductive disorders associated with genital tuberculosis (HT) in women at the outpatient stage are proposed. The forecast model included clinical and anamnestic predictors: prolonged subfebrile condition, weight loss, increase in inguinal lymph nodes, membership in the social group «female students», contact with tuberculosis patients, tuberculin specimen turnover, presence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the anamnesis. The statistical diagnostic model included the following important methods: enzyme immunoassay, laser fluorescence method, Diaskin-test, hysterosalpingography (segmented fallopian tubes), determination of progesterone, estradiol and testosterone levels in the blood serum (decrease of these hormones)

The Role of Cytokines in the Development of Early Pregnancy Loss in Women with a History of Metabolic Disorders

Background. Spontaneous miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. Obesity increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Aim of the study. To assess the cytokine profile as a marker of spontaneous miscarriage in women with metabolic disorders in the past medical history. Materials and methods. A prospective study of 170 adolescent girls with metabolic disorders was conducted between 2000 and 2013. Assessment of menstrual and reproductive function was carried out in 86, pregnancy outcomes – in 72 women. The average age of women in reproductive age was 21.95 ± 0.2 years, BMI – 24.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2. Results. In women with early pregnancy losses and metabolic disorders in past medical history, the predictor of an early pregnancy loss is an increase in the ratio of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a/IL-10 in serum at 7–8 weeks of gestation (OR = 2.29). It was determined a significant correlation between the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines of the same name in serum and chorion (IL-10 (p = 0.000) and TNF-α/IL-10 (p = 0.001), which indicates similar changes in chorion. The activity of NF-kB in chorion was 5.75 ± 0.51 pg/ml. Conclusions. The findings suggest that the cytokine balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in women with metabolic disorders in past medical history is an important component in the development of early pregnancy losses

PATHOGENIC POTENTIAL AND MUTUAL INTERACTION OF MICROFLORA OF MUCOUS MEMBRANES OF OPEN CAVITIES OF DIFFERENT BIOTOPES IN WOMEN AS IMPORTANT FACTORS OF THEIR REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

Micro-ecological interrelation between intestinal, vaginal and nasopharyngeal biocoenoses as parts of microbiome of a macroorganism was determined by the latest researches. The research included 44 women with inflammatory diseases of genital tract and reproductive disorders and 28 healthy women. Genospecies structure of enterococcus for each biotope (intestinal, vaginal and nasopharyngeal) had original differences with the most full spectrum of species in intestinal biotope. The contract between the groups is evident at the conclusion of the pathogenicity genes tests

Outpatient diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (For a practicing doctor)

The article is focused on the diagnosis of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Comorbidities should be always excluded In smokers with clinical symptoms of exacerbations and normal lung function. Because of high rate (>50%) of undiagnosed COPD exacerbation we recommend to use validated questionnaires: «Exacerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool» (EXACT) or «Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale» (BCSS) and leaflet for patients during their follow-up. We proposed algorithm for the diagnosis of COPD exacerbations in outpatient facilities in real clinical practiceХроническая обструктивная болезнь легких (ХОБЛ) является одним из наиболее распространенных заболеваний во всем мире и в России. Статья посвящена диагностике обострений хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) у амбулаторных больных. Сопутствующие заболевания должны быть всегда исключены у курильщиков с клиническими симптомами обострений и нормальной функцией легких. Поэтому, при оценке обострения ХОБЛ на основании симптомов, необходимо убедиться, что у больного имеется ХОБЛ. Степень понимания пациентами термина «обострение» в целом является низкой. 59,2% больных никогда не слышали этот термин или не знают, что он означает. Данное обстоятельство свидетельствует об актуальности диагностики обострений ХОБЛ в амбулаторных условиях. Для диагностики обострения ХОБЛ используются два валидизированных опросника: «Exacerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool» (EXACT) и «Breathlessness, Cough, and Sputum Scale» (BCSS) и памятка для пациентов с ХОБЛ. С целью оптимизации диагностики обострений ХОБЛ в амбулаторных условиях предлагается алгоритм действий врача на поликлиническом приеме с бальной оценкой симптомов