42 research outputs found

    La représentation de Dieu : Comment les enfants japonais dessinent Dieu

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    L'Ă©tude de la reprĂ©sentation de Dieu chez l'enfant Ă  l'aide de la technique du dessin n'est pas nouvelle. Dans une large enquĂȘte conduite aux Etats-Unis, Harms (1944) montrait des modifications du contenu des reprĂ©sentations en fonction de l'Ăąge : du conte de fĂ©e aux reprĂ©sentations plus rĂ©alistes, de l'anthropomorphisme Ă  des reprĂ©sentations plus symboliques ou abstraites. Depuis, d'autres travaux ont repris cette technique avec des enfants europĂ©ens, montrant des diffĂ©rences suivant que l'enfant a reçu ou non une Ă©ducation religieuse (Hanisch, 1996) ou qu'il est garçon ou fille (Klein, 2000). Dans le prolongement de ces travaux, l'enquĂȘte prĂ©sentĂ©e cherche Ă  mettre en Ă©vidence l'effet de la culture en sortant d'un contexte inspirĂ© par la conception judĂ©o-chrĂ©tienne de Dieu. PrĂšs de 150 dessins ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©coltĂ©s au Japon dans des Ă©coles bouddhistes et publiques, auprĂšs d'enfants entre sept ans et 14 ans. Trois groupes d'Ăąges ont Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©s : 7-8 ans, 10-11 ans, 13-14 ans. Chaque dessin a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crit Ă  l'aide d'une quarantaine de traits qui ont permis de dĂ©finir 17 types. Ces types, ainsi que quelques variables saillantes ont Ă©tĂ© corrĂ©lĂ©s avec l'Ăąge, le genre du dessinateur, et l'Ă©cole suivie. Contrairement aux dessins rĂ©coltĂ©s en Occident, oĂč presque tous les dessins anthropomorphes prĂ©sentent des figures masculines, la moitiĂ© des filles japonaises ont reprĂ©sentĂ© un dieu fĂ©minin. ParallĂšlement, on constate aussi que l'Ă©ducation religieuse (ici le bouddhisme) favorise la production des reprĂ©sentations non anthropomorphiques chez les enfants plus ĂągĂ©s (30% des dessins chez les enfants frĂ©quentant des Ă©coles bouddhistes contre 8% chez ceux frĂ©quentant des Ă©coles publiques). IndĂ©pendamment des types qui ont pu ĂȘtre dĂ©crits opĂ©rationnellement, on constate que certains moyens utilisĂ©s pour diffĂ©rencier la reprĂ©sentation de la figure de Dieu d'autres figures sont largement partagĂ©s. Les enfants puisent dans un rĂ©pertoire graphique et symbolique en combinant des motifs, certains typiques du Japon, d'autres propres Ă  l'imagerie occidentale largement popularisĂ©e par les mĂ©dias. Il en ressort que la reprĂ©sentation (picturale) de Dieu n'est pas tant le rĂ©sultat de la reproduction plus ou moins habile d'un stĂ©rĂ©otype traditionnel plus ou moins bien assimilĂ©, mais bien plutĂŽt la tentative de signifier une diffĂ©rence ontologique Ă  l'aide d'une grammaire de signes empruntĂ©s Ă  divers systĂšmes de rĂ©fĂ©rence

    Effects of CuO additives and sol-gel technique on NiNb2O6 dielectric ceramics for LTCC application

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    The effects of CuO additives and sol–gel method synthesis on the sintering behavior, microstructure and the microwave dielectric properties of NiNb2O6 ceramics were investigated systematically. The NiNb2O6 ceramics were synthesized with traditional solid state method and sol–gel method, and the CuO additives were used in the solid state method for comparison. The sintering temperature of NiNb2O6 ceramics with the highest densification can be effectively reduced from about 1275 °C to 1050 and 1100 °C respectively by using CuO additions and sol–gel technique. To study their applicability in low temperature co-fired ceramic technology, dielectric properties have been characterized. The dielectric properties exhibited a significant dependence on the sintering condition, composition and crystal structure of the ceramics. In particular, the 2.5 wt% CuO-doped NiNb2O6 ceramics sintered at 1050 °C have excellent microwave dielectric properties: Δr = 21.45, Q × f = 23,531 GHz, τf = −27.9 ppm/°C. While the NiNb2O6 ceramics prepared by sol–gel method obtain microwave dielectric properties as: Δr = 19.16, Q × f = 11,149 GHz, τf = −27.3 ppm/°C after sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h

    Enhanced leaf nitrogen status stabilizes omnivore population density

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    Plant traits can mediate the strength of interactions between omnivorous predators and their prey through density effects and changes in the omnivores' trophic behavior. In this study, we explored the established assumption that enhanced nutrient status in host plants strengthens the buffering effect of plant feeding for omnivorous predators, i.e., prevents rapid negative population growth during prey density decline and thereby increases and stabilizes omnivore population density. We analyzed 13 years of field data on population densities of a heteropteran omnivore on Salix cinerea stands, arranged along a measured leaf nitrogen gradient and found a 195 % increase in omnivore population density and a 63 % decrease in population variability with an increase in leaf nitrogen status from 26 to 40 mgN x g(-1). We recreated the leaf nitrogen gradient in a greenhouse experiment and found, as expected, that increasing leaf nitrogen status enhanced omnivore performance but reduced per capita prey consumption. Feeding on high nitrogen status host plants can potentially decouple omnivore-prey population dynamics and allow omnivores to persist and function effectively at low prey densities to provide "background level" control of insect herbivores. This long-term effect is expected to outweigh the short-term effect on per capita prey consumption-resulting in a net increase in population predation rates with increasing leaf nitrogen status. Conservation biological control of insect pests that makes use of omnivore background control could, as a result, be manipulated via management of crop nitrogen status

    Oak canopy arthropod communities: which factors shape its structure?

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