KAJIAN PENGGUNAAN BERBAGAI LEMPUNG TERAKTIVASI SEBAGAI ADSORBEN UNTUK MENURUNKAN KADAR AMONIA, NITRAT, DAN NITRIT DARI LIMBAH TAHU INDUSTRI

Tofu industry liquid waste, which is still contains high concentration of organic materials, is one of the causes of pollution in environment. On the other hand, clay can be used as adsorbent and easily to be obtained. The aim of this study was to reduce ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite concentration on liquid waste of tofu industry using colected clay from three different locations at laboratory scale. Clay was collected from Kalukubula, Beka and Sibowi villages at Sigi District Central Sulawesi Province. Each clay was activated by 0.1 M HCl, 0.1 M NH4Cl or 0.1 M NaOH. The result showed that clay from Beka village has highest capacity to reduce nitrate, nitrite and ammonia concentration on liquid waste of tofu industry. Clay from Kalukubula village was better as absorbent than clay from Sibowi village.  The strength of activator in increasing clay adsorptive was followed this order: NaOH < NH4Cl < HCl. Clay from Beka Village when activated by HCl 0.1 M, it could reduce 47.52%, 54.00% and 58.89% of amonia, nitrate and nitrite concentration, respectively

Prospective For Nuclear Thermal Hydraulic Created By Ongoing And New Networks

International audienceThis paper introduces the FONESYS, SILENCE and CONUSAF projects run by some of the leading organizations working in the nuclear sector.The FONESYS members are developers of some of the major System Thermal-Hydraulic (SYS-TH) codes adopted worldwide, whereas the SILENCE members own and operate important thermal-hydraulic experimental facilities. The two networks work in a cooperative manner and have at least one meeting per year where top-level experts in the areas of thermal-hydraulic code development and experimentation are gathered.The FONESYS members address various topics such as hyperbolicity and numerics in SYS-TH codes, 3-field modeling, transport of interfacial area, 3D modeling, scaling of thermal-hydraulic phenomena, two-phase critical flow (TPCF), critical heat flux (CHF), and others. As part of the working modalities, some numerical benchmarks were proposed and successfully conducted by the network, addressing some of the most relevant topics selected by the FONESYS members.On the other hand, SILENCE addresses topics such as identification of current measurement needs and main gaps for further SYS-TH and CFD codes development and validation, definition of similar tests and counterpart tests in Integral Tests Facilities (including containment thermal-hydraulics) to be possibly conducted on Members' test facilities, scaling issue, and other subjects. Furthermore, SILENCE organized a Specialists Workshop on Advanced Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques for Nuclear Reactor Thermal-Hydraulics (SWINTH) which was held in Italy on June 2016. A second edition of the Workshop, namely SWINTH-2019, will be held in Italy in 2019 under the umbrella of the OECD/NEA/CSNI/WGAMA.Recently a new initiative is being taken by launching an international consortium of nuclear thermal-hydraulics code users, the CONUSAF. The main idea is to enhance the interactions between the users of computational tools in nuclear TH, noticeably including SYS-TH and CFD codes, the code developers and the experimentalists. The proposed initiative is expected to have a positive impact on the entire ecosystem by pursuing the assessment of the current code limitations and capabilities, analyzing and addressing issues raised by the users and promoting common RandD efforts on topics of high relevance

Inactivation of the FLCN Tumor Suppressor Gene Induces TFE3 Transcriptional Activity by Increasing Its Nuclear Localization

Germline mutations in a tumor suppressor gene FLCN lead to development of fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. TFE3 is a member of the MiTF/TFE transcription factor family and Xp11.2 translocations found in sporadic RCC involving TFE3 result in gene fusions and overexpression of chimeric fusion proteins that retain the C-terminal DNA binding domain of TFE3. We found that GPNMB expression, which is regulated by MiTF, was greatly elevated in renal cancer cells harboring either TFE3 translocations or FLCN inactivation. Since TFE3 is implicated in RCC, we hypothesized that elevated GPNMB expression was due to increased TFE3 activity resulting from the inactivation of FLCN.TFE3 knockdown reduced GPNMB expression in renal cancer cells harboring either TFE3 translocations or FLCN inactivation. Moreover, FLCN knockdown induced GPNMB expression in FLCN-restored renal cancer cells. Conversely, wildtype FLCN suppressed GPNMB expression in FLCN-null cells. FLCN inactivation was correlated with increased TFE3 transcriptional activity accompanied by its nuclear localization as revealed by elevated GPNMB mRNA and protein expression, and predominantly nuclear immunostaining of TFE3 in renal cancer cells, mouse embryo fibroblast cells, mouse kidneys and mouse and human renal tumors. Nuclear localization of TFE3 was associated with TFE3 post-translational modifications including decreased phosphorylation.Increased TFE3 activity is a downstream event induced by FLCN inactivation and is likely to be important for renal tumor development. This study provides an important novel mechanism for induction of TFE3 activity in addition to TFE3 overexpression resulting from Xp11.2 translocations, suggesting that TFE3 may be more broadly involved in tumorigenesis

Laser-induced modification of the patellar ligament tissue: comparative study of structural and optical changes

The effects of non-ablative infrared (IR) laser treatment of collagenous tissue have been commonly interpreted in terms of collagen denaturation spread over the laser-heated tissue area. In this work, the existing model is refined to account for the recently reported laser-treated tissue heterogeneity and complex collagen degradation pattern using comprehensive optical imaging and calorimetry toolkits. Patella ligament (PL) provided a simple model of type I collagen tissue containing its full structural content from triple-helix molecules to gross architecture. PL ex vivo was subjected to IR laser treatments (laser spot, 1.6 mm) of equal dose, where the tissue temperature reached the collagen denaturation temperature of 60 ± 2°C at the laser spot epicenterin the first regime, and was limited to 67 ± 2°C in the second regime. The collagen network was analyzed versus distance from the epicenter. Experimental characterization of the collagenous tissue at all structural levels included cross-polarization optical coherence tomography, nonlinear optical microscopy, light microscopy/histology, and differential scanning calorimetry. Regressive rearrangement of the PL collagen network was found to spread well outside the laser spot epicenter (>2 mm) and was accompanied by multilevel hierarchical reorganization of collagen. Four zones of distinct optical and morphological properties were identified, all elliptical in shape, and elongated in the direction perpendicular to the PL long axis. Although the collagen transformation into a random-coil molecular structure was occasionally observed, it was mechanical integrity of the supramolecular structures that was primarily compromised. We found that the structural rearrangement of the collagen network related primarily to the heat-induced thermo-mechanical effects rather than molecular unfolding. The current body of evidence supports the notion that the supramolecular collagen structure suffered degradation of various degrees, which gave rise to the observed zonal character of the laser-treated lesion

The future of nuclear thermal-hydraulics

An attempt is made to identify perspectives in nuclear thermal-hydraulics based on devoted papers published during the last seven years. An understandable target is fixed which also appears consistent with the framework of this Special Issue (SI). Nevertheless, the target revealed ambitious and having multiple solutions: one might expect this situation considering the universe of topics which characterize nuclear thermal-hydraulics (e.g. according to a recently published book, see paper PI-2 of this SI). The key (obvious) finding is that developments follow different directions independent among each other. In order to arrive at a reasonable achievement, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the system thermal-hydraulics are distinguished first; then it is recognized that (a) developments in procedures, modeling and experiments are typically pursued by groups of scientists having little or no connections, and (b), different science and technology areas are connected with nuclear thermal-hydraulics, e.g. including, uncertainty, licensing, structural mechanics, numerics. Finally, technology sectors of Boiling Water Reactors (BWR), Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) and non-water cooled reactors, advanced and Gen IV reactors typically pursue different directions in developments within nuclear thermal-hydraulics. Having this in mind, a few dozen topics or elements for reflections are selected and classified which hopefully are informative for understanding the current status and trends in nuclear thermal-hydraulics

Nuclear Thermal-hydraulics: what is it?

B. R. Sehgal, G. Yadigaroglu and G. Hewitt spent their scientific lives in nuclear thermal-hydraulics and closely connected areas and sturdily contributed to the development. What is nuclear thermal-hydraulics nowadays? It has been defined as a universe of matters, knowledge and competences; any scientist attempting to answer the question unavoidably looks like an astronomer observing the open space from a narrow angle: whatever he may see and describe is correct, but providing a full answer is well beyond this observation. Textbooks, journals, conferences, industrial applications, university teaching, experimental data, equations and models, etc., may be used to provide an answer. Regretfully, a systematic approach covering all those issues is beyond the purpose for the present effort and also might end-up with a diluted definition having limited applicability and interest. The occasion to answer the question is taken here from the publication during the last couple of years of selected reference books in thermal-hydraulics. This is done having in mind major books which are pillars of nuclear thermal-hydraulics and were published in previous decades also with the contributions of the honored scientists. Seven books are considered and a broad variety of topics are covered. Attention is given to recent books edited by Sehgal and Yadigaroglu &amp; Hewitt. The key (expected) result is: the words ‘nuclear thermal-hydraulics’ are associated with a wide variety of topics which have (very) different importance for different authors; however, a proposal is formulated to define nuclear thermal-hydraulics