Evaluation of metals that are potentially toxic to agricultural surface soils, using statistical analysis, in northwestern Saudi Arabia

© 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Heavy metals in agricultural soils enter the food chain when taken up by plants. The main purpose of this work is to determine metal contamination in agricultural farms in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Fifty surface soil samples were collected from agricultural areas. The study focuses on the geochemical behavior of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, and determines the enrichment factor and geoaccumulation index. Multivariate statistical analysis, including principle component analysis and cluster analysis, is also applied to the acquired data. The study shows considerable variation in the concentrations of the analyzed metals in the studied soil samples. This variation in concentration is attributed to the intensity of agricultural activities and, possibly, to nearby fossil fuel combustion activities, as well as to traffic flows from highways and local roads. Multivariate analysis suggests that As, Cd, Hg and Pb are associated with anthropogenic activities, whereas Co, Cr, Cu and Zn are mainly controlled by geogenic activities. Hg and Pb show the maximum concentration in the analyzed samples as compared to the background concentration

Contaminação provocada por um depósito de lixo no aqüífero Alter do Chão em Manaus - AM Contamination provoked by a garbage dump in the Alter do Chão aquifer in Manaus-AM

Este trabalho discute a composição química da água do aqüífero Alter do Chão na área do entorno de um lixão na cidade de Manaus. Foram analisados pH, Eh, turbidez, nitrato, nitrito, amônia e os elementos Cl, F, Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, As, Mn, P, Sb, Ba, Cr, Fe, Se, Sn, Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn, em dois períodos, no final do período chuvoso e na estiagem, em 18 poços e cacimbas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a água está comprometida para consumo humano na quase totalidade dos poços amostrados, em conseqüência dos elevados teores de Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Sb e Se, dos compostos nitrogenados e também por contaminações pontuais de Mn e Zn. A pluma de contaminação, que se expande no final do período chuvoso, estende-se para leste e sudeste do lixão, em função das direções naturais de fluxo do aqüífero e do baixo potenciométrico gerado pelo igarapé que corta a área.<br>The present paper deals with the chemical composition of water from deep and shallow wells and water- holes near a garbage dump in the city of Manau. pH, Eh, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and the elements Cl, F, Si, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, As, Mn, P, Sb, Ba, Cr, Fe, Se, Sn, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed at the end of the rainy season and in the dry period in 18 wells. In almost all wells the water is no longer suitable for human consumption due the high contents of Al, Fe, As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Se, nitrogen compounds and local contaminations by Mn and Zn. The contamination plume, which expands at the end of the rainy season, extends to the east and southeast of the garbage dump on account of the natural directions of the aquifer flow and the potenciometric low level generated by the stream flow cutting through the area