Tracing the papier mache anatomical models of Ottoman Turkish medicine and Louis Thomas Jerome Auzoux

Papier-mâché means chewed paper, and it defines a method. Various decorative products and functional tools have been produced with this method, which includes various techniques and materials. Maybe, the most interesting one among these is anatomic models developed and spread around the world by the French physician Louis Thomas Jerôme Auzoux (1797–1880) at the beginning of the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of Dr Auzoux’ human anatomical models in Ottoman–Turkish medicine. Primary and secondary sources were analysed such as Museum collections, archives, and scientific databases accessible on the Internet. This revealed that, at the beginning of the 1820s, Dr. Auzoux developed the method for papier-mâché anatomical models after a period of suffering difficulties in finding and preserving cadavers for dissection at the medical faculty which he worked. In 1825, he completed his invention, which had significant advantages over previously used methods for anatomical models, and then founded a production workshop in St. Aubin. Many medical schools in Europe, Africa, and South America utilised these models. Sources mentioned that the Ottoman Empire also purchased various anatomical models. Although it is not exactly known how many and from which models, it is known that whole male and female body models and pregnancy developmental models were purchased in 1837. In addition to human anatomic models, Dr. Auzoux’s company also began to manufacture veterinary and botanical models soon. In that period of the Ottoman Empire during which cadaver dissection was forbidden and only artificial models and drawings were used for the education, Auzoux’s models can be considered as very important tools for the Turkish Ottoman medical education and influential on the transition from traditional to modern medicine. Today, unfortunately, the fate of most of the human anatomical models purchased in the name of the Ottoman Empire is not known

Evaluation of normal tibial tubercle to trochlear groove distance in adult Turkish population

WOS: 000450148600003PubMed ID: 30417836Purpose: Many studies have confirmed the significance of tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TTTG) distance measurement for the preoperative assessment of tibial tubercle osteotomy and refixation of the patients that need surgery. TTTG distance is being used as threshold value for surgery decision. The purpose is to determine the TTTG values for the adult Turkish population and compare this with the values of other studies and establish a possible index. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 200 patients (97 female, 103 male) aged between 18 and 65 years, retrospectively, who had magnetic resonance imaging at Istanbul Medipol Mega University Hospital Radiology Department. Individuals with no knee surgical history and deformation included to research group, any deformities related with knee were excluded. The scans were analyzed in Picture Archiving Communication System program and compared with other populations. Significance was evaluated with independent Student's t-test. Results: The mean TTTG distance was found 10.07 +/- 1.60 mm in males, 9.96 +/- 1.41 mm in females, and 10.02 +/- 1.51 mm for total cases. There was no statistically significant difference between sex (P > 0.05). However, overall TTTG distance of right and left knees found significantly different (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Obtained results are similar with the results of Caucasian population but different than Asian. It is believed that these results will be significant in evaluation of patellofemoral disorders and helpful in treatment

Morphometric development of the tongue in fetal cadavers

Purpose: The tongue is a specific organ for the sense of taste. It consists of the striated muscle and mucous membrane. Furthermore, it helps the functions of speech, chewing, and swallowing. In this study, we aimed to reveal some morphometric properties of the tongue in fetal cadavers. Methods: The study was conducted on a total of 45 fetal tongues (25 male tongues, 20 female tongues) aged between 17 and 40 weeks. The fetuses were divided into three groups as trimester II, trimester III, and full term. For each tongue, the length, width, area, free tongue length, and the terminal sulcus angle were measured using Image J program. The free tongue length/tongue length ratio was examined. Results: The obtained data were compared according to the trimester groups and genders. It was determined that the tongue length, width, area, and free tongue length increased during the trimesters and that there was no significant difference in the terminal sulcus angle and the free tongue length/tongue length ratio between the trimesters. No significant difference was found in all parameters between the genders. Conclusions: This study presented significant data on morphometric development of the tongue. These data are thought to be useful for determining the anomaly and variations of the tongue

The evaluation of morphometry of the mastoid process using multidetector computed tomography in a living population

WOS: 000347954400096PubMed ID: 25490574The aim of this study was to examine the relationships of the bony landmarks on the lateral surface of the mastoid process (MP). It was also the target of this study to reveal the importance of sexual dimorphism in terms of the mastoid triangle. Our study was performed on 140 (70 women, 70 men) multidetector computed tomography images obtained from patients who underwent radiologic examination at the Department of Radiology of Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University. The height of the MP was measured using 2 different ways. The distance between the mastoid apex and the midpoint of the distance of the porion and the mastoid notch was measured (mastoid height 1). Then, the distance between the Frankfurt horizontal plane and the mastoid apex was measured (mastoid height 2). The distances between porion-mastoid notch, porion-mastoid apex, porion-asterion, asterion-mastoid apex, articular tubercle-asterion, articular tubercle-mastoid apex, as well as the right and the left MP were also measured. Finally, the angles between porion-mastoid apex-asterion, mastoid apex-asterion-porion, and asterion-porion-mastoid apex were measured. All data were analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test. According to the results of the measurements, all right and left parameters of the men were higher than the women's right and left sides except for the angle between asterion-porion-mastoid apex. In addition, all right and left parameters were almost the same in both sexes. Having the knowledge of measurements of the distances between the major landmarks of the temporal bone is essential to avoid possible complications during facial, mastoid, and especially sigmoid sinus surgeries