Energy

To explain the time dependence of cell voltage in CWS (coal water slurry) electrolysis, the effects of three coal types along with graphite, CWS concentration and catalysts on cell voltage are examined. Results show that the overall cell voltage for CWS electrolysis is lowered as coal rank decreases. The four overall types carbonaceous material show successive reductions in U-theta + n for CWS electrolysis which are greater than those of iR, where U-theta is the theoretical reversible potential for water electrolysis, and n is the sum of the anodic and cathodic over-potentials. The cell voltage for DLWS(demineralized lignite water slurry) electrolysis is lowered by addition of Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions, the former being more effective. The cell voltage for DBWS (demineralized bituminous water slurry) electrolysis decreases with the addition of transition metal ions in the order Fe2+To explain the time dependence of cell voltage in CWS (coal water slurry) electrolysis, the effects of three coal types along with graphite, CWS concentration and catalysts on cell voltage are examined. Results show that the overall cell voltage for CWS electrolysis is lowered as coal rank decreases. The four overall types carbonaceous material show successive reductions in U-theta + n for CWS electrolysis which are greater than those of iR, where U-theta is the theoretical reversible potential for water electrolysis, and n is the sum of the anodic and cathodic over-potentials. The cell voltage for DLWS(demineralized lignite water slurry) electrolysis is lowered by addition of Fe2+ or Fe3+ ions, the former being more effective. The cell voltage for DBWS (demineralized bituminous water slurry) electrolysis decreases with the addition of transition metal ions in the order Fe2+<Ni2+<Co2+. Additionally, it is found that the DLWS electrolysis cell voltage is lowered with increasing DLWS concentration. Results suggest that cell voltage reduction may be attributed to the decrease in U-theta + n for CWS electrolysis. Crown Copyright (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Int. J. Miner. Process.

The existing states of impurities in carbide slag were investigated which can be a good guide for impurity removal by physical methods. The calcium phase and the impurities wrap each other made it hard to research impurities. Therefore an acid chemical dissociation method was firstly proposed via plotting Eh-pH-diagram of the Ca(OH)(2), CaCO3, MgSiO3, Al2SiO5, Fe3O4 and H+ system. The optimum dissociation condition (pH = 4.0) was deduced from Eh-pH-diagram and verified by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrum and morphology analysis. Morphological and elemental chemical analyses of the dissociated residues revealed the existence of Si in the form of SiO2. Fe and C existed as isolated particles of Fe3O4 and carbon respectively. Al and Mg were existed in the form of silicates such as Al2SiO5 and MgSiO3. Si, Al and Mg always appeared together in the carbide slag, providing a possibility for their integral removal. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).The existing states of impurities in carbide slag were investigated which can be a good guide for impurity removal by physical methods. The calcium phase and the impurities wrap each other made it hard to research impurities. Therefore an acid chemical dissociation method was firstly proposed via plotting Eh-pH-diagram of the Ca(OH)(2), CaCO3, MgSiO3, Al2SiO5, Fe3O4 and H+ system. The optimum dissociation condition (pH = 4.0) was deduced from Eh-pH-diagram and verified by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectrum and morphology analysis. Morphological and elemental chemical analyses of the dissociated residues revealed the existence of Si in the form of SiO2. Fe and C existed as isolated particles of Fe3O4 and carbon respectively. Al and Mg were existed in the form of silicates such as Al2SiO5 and MgSiO3. Si, Al and Mg always appeared together in the carbide slag, providing a possibility for their integral removal. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Cervus elaphus kansuensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) and its phylogenetic analysis

Gansu wapiti (Cervus elaphus kansuensis) is one of eight subspecies of wapiti in China, which has been placed under the second-ranked protected animals by Chinese government. No complete mitochondrial genomes of Gansu wapiti was determined until now, so the phylogenetic relationships among the subspecies of wapiti and other species of the genus Cervus have not been well studied. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of C. e. kansuensis was first sequenced and characterized. The genome is 16,430 bp in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and one noncoding control region (CR). Maximum-Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) trees based on the 13 PCGs show that C. e. kansuensis is clustered with other wapiti subspecies in China except for C. e. yarkandensis. It is also shown that Cervus elaphus is not a monophyletic group. This study provides important molecular evidence for the phylogenetic relationship among species in the genus Cervus

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Essential Oil from Gannan Navel Orange Peel

China is one of the leading producers of citrus in the world. Gannan in Jiangxi Province is the top navel orange producing area in China. In the present study, an essential oil was prepared by cold pressing of Gannan navel orange peel followed by molecular distillation. Its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty four constituents were identified, representing 97.9% of the total oil. The predominant constituent was limonene (74.6%). The anticancer activities of this orange essential oil, as well as some of its major constituents, were investigated by MTT assay. This essential oil showed a positive effect on the inhibition of the proliferation of a human lung cancer cell line A549 and prostate cancer cell line 22RV-1. Some of the oil constituents displayed high anticancer potential and deserve further study

Application of multispectral imaging to determine quality attributes and ripeness stage in strawberry fruit.

Multispectral imaging with 19 wavelengths in the range of 405-970 nm has been evaluated for nondestructive determination of firmness, total soluble solids (TSS) content and ripeness stage in strawberry fruit. Several analysis approaches, including partial least squares (PLS), support vector machine (SVM) and back propagation neural network (BPNN), were applied to develop theoretical models for predicting the firmness and TSS of intact strawberry fruit. Compared with PLS and SVM, BPNN considerably improved the performance of multispectral imaging for predicting firmness and total soluble solids content with the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.94 and 0.83, SEP of 0.375 and 0.573, and bias of 0.035 and 0.056, respectively. Subsequently, the ability of multispectral imaging technology to classify fruit based on ripeness stage was tested using SVM and principal component analysis-back propagation neural network (PCA-BPNN) models. The higher classification accuracy of 100% was achieved using SVM model. Moreover, the results of all these models demonstrated that the VIS parts of the spectra were the main contributor to the determination of firmness, TSS content estimation and classification of ripeness stage in strawberry fruit. These results suggest that multispectral imaging, together with suitable analysis model, is a promising technology for rapid estimation of quality attributes and classification of ripeness stage in strawberry fruit

Energy storage performances of La doping BaBi4Ti4O15 thin films capacitors

BaBi4Ti4O15-based thin films, belongs to Aurivillius phase compounds, were fabricated on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by the chemical solution deposition method and its energy storage performances were investigated. Here, large recoverable energy storage density (66.8 J/cm3) and high storage efficiency (85.1%) were achieved in the BaBi4Ti4O15 thin film via La doped. Such enhanced energy storage performances can attribute to the improvement of crystallization quality with increase of grain size and decrease of leakage current. In addition, from 20 to 140 °C, no significant changes were observed in energy storage density and efficiency, and the energy storage performance did not decrease significantly after 1.6 × 108 charge–discharge cycles, indicating that the film has excellent thermal stability and fatigue resistance. These results not only show that the BBT-based thin film is a potential energy storage material, but also provide important ideas for further exploration of methods to improve energy storage performance

Leaching characteristics and solidification strategy of heavy metals in solid waste from natural graphite purification

The tailings and fluorine-containing sludge were produced during the physical and chemical purification of natural crystalline graphite, containing heavy metals in different occurrence forms. To evaluate the threat of different heavy metals to the environment, this work uses the modified sequential extraction method (BCR) to study the presence of heavy metals in two solid wastes and their dissolution characteristics in different environments. The results show that the pollution risk of heavy metals in graphite tailings to the environment is ranked as Mn > Cr > Ni > Zn, and the pollution risk of Mn in fluorine-containing sludge is higher than that of Cr. This is because the Mn in the two solid wastes mainly exists in the form of weak acid extraction. The leaching number of heavy metals in the two solid wastes is directly proportional to the soaking time and soaking temperature, and inversely proportional to the pH value and the solid-to-liquid ratio. The number of heavy metals dissolved in solid waste landfills is significantly higher than that of acid rain and surface water environments. Based on the above results and the distribution of graphite solid waste, solidification agent was suggested to prevent heavy metal dissolution and reduce environmental risks

Leaching characteristics and solidification strategy of heavy metals in solid waste from natural graphite purification

The tailings and fluorine-containing sludge were produced during the physical and chemical purification of natural crystalline graphite, containing heavy metals in different occurrence forms. To evaluate the threat of different heavy metals to the environment, this work uses the modified sequential extraction method (BCR) to study the presence of heavy metals in two solid wastes and their dissolution characteristics in different environments. The results show that the pollution risk of heavy metals in graphite tailings to the environment is ranked as Mn > Cr > Ni > Zn, and the pollution risk of Mn in fluorine-containing sludge is higher than that of Cr. This is because the Mn in the two solid wastes mainly exists in the form of weak acid extraction. The leaching number of heavy metals in the two solid wastes is directly proportional to the soaking time and soaking temperature, and inversely proportional to the pH value and the solid-to-liquid ratio. The number of heavy metals dissolved in solid waste landfills is significantly higher than that of acid rain and surface water environments. Based on the above results and the distribution of graphite solid waste, solidification agent was suggested to prevent heavy metal dissolution and reduce environmental risks

Excellent adsorption of Zn(II) using NaP zeolite adsorbent synthesized from coal fly ash via stage treatment

Herein, a novel method for the adsorption of metal ions from sewage by NaP zeolite adsorbent synthesized from stage-treated coal fly ash (CFA) was proposed. The pre-treatment of CFA and grading extraction of silicon and aluminum were explored, and the effects of crystallization parameters and sodium salts on the yield and purity of NaP zeolites were investigated. The characteristics of the zeolite product were measured by a series of characterization methods and the adsorption performance was also evaluated. Optimal treatment parameters were calcination at 800 degrees C for 3 h with m(CFA)/m(Na2CO3) = 1:1 and 3 mol/L HCl with m(CFA)/V(HCl) = 1 g: 10 mL, with high extraction efficiencies (Si: 91.40% and Al: 90.20%) through stage treatment method. NaP zeolite product exhibited higher purity (96.66%) and yield (94.24%) at 120 degrees C for 8 h with the addition of NaBr (entirely instead of NaOH, the purity was 90.57% and the yield was 87.82%). The effect of organic steric hindrance was connected with its molecular configuration. NaP zeolite with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) at n(Al2O3)/n(PEG) = 1:5 had the highest single-grain dispersion with the smallest grain size (2.13 mu m). However, NaP zeolite with the addition of cyclohexanol (CyOH) at n(Al2O3)/n(CyOH) = 1:3 had the largest surface area (80.4 m(2)/g). During the Zn(II) adsorption, the appropriate pH value was identified at 5, and the adsorption process followed the pseudo second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm adsorption equations. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. NaP zeolite adsorbent exhibited excellent adsorption performance with Zn(II) concentration less than 0.2 ppm in the absorption equilibrium. Moreover, NaP zeolite as an effective adsorbent possessed excellent regeneration. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved