Table_1_Midgut Transcriptional Variation of Chilo suppressalis Larvae Induced by Feeding on the Dead-End Trap Plant, Vetiveria zizanioides.DOC

<p>Chilo supprressalis is one of the most important rice pests that causes serious damage to production in the rice growth area of Asia. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) was previously found to effectively attract female adults of C. suppressalis laying eggs on vetiver leaves, while the larvae cannot complete their life cycles by feeding on vetiver, indicating a potential means of controlling this pest. In the present study, the transcriptomes of midguts of rice-fed and vetiver-fed C. suppressalis larvae were profiled, which aimed to clarify the molecular mechanism of vetiver as a dead-end trap plant preliminarily. We found that ingestion of vetiver provoked a robust transcriptional response in the larval midguts, and a total of 1,849 differentially expressed UniGenes were identified. We focused on 12 digestion-related genes, four immune-related genes and three detoxification-related genes. Most of these genes were significantly down regulated in the larval midguts at 6, 8, and 10 days after feeding on vetiver compared to on rice. Transcriptional dynamics suggested that these genes might be involved in toxicity responses following exposure to vetiver. Taken together, this study provides an initial molecular framework for developing biological control strategies for C. suppressalis in an effort to protect economically important rice crops.</p

Effects of SRBSDV-infected rice plants on parasitic selectivity and parasitic capability of <i>Anagrus nilaparvatae</i>.

<p>Effects of SRBSDV-infected rice plants on parasitic selectivity and parasitic capability of <i>Anagrus nilaparvatae</i>.</p

Amino acid and soluble sugar in infected and healthy rice plants.

<p>Amino acid and soluble sugar in infected and healthy rice plants.</p

Behavioral responses of <i>Anagrus nilaparvatae</i> to single substance at different concentrations.

<p>Behavioral responses of <i>Anagrus nilaparvatae</i> to single substance at different concentrations.</p

Comparison of volatile compounds emitted from healthy and SRBSDV-infected plants.

<p>Note: “/” indicates not be detected.</p

Effects of different flowers on the longevity of <i>C. lividipennis</i>.

<p>Values are mean ± SE. Means within a column followed by differing letters are differ significantly at <i>P</i><0.05. Tukey test was used.</p><p>Effects of different flowers on the longevity of <i>C. lividipennis</i>.</p

Effect of access to flowering plants of varying plant species on predation by <i>C. lividipennis</i>.

<p>Adult predators were confined with <i>ad libitum</i> brown planthopper eggs plus a flowering shoot or water (control). Numbers of consumed eggs are back transformed.</p

Initial numbers of prey eggs available to <i>C. lividipennis</i> in a study of the effect of access to flowering plants of varying plant species on predation.

<p>Values are mean ± SE. Means within a column followed by differing letters are differ significantly at <i>P</i><0.05. Tukey test was used.</p><p>Initial numbers of prey eggs available to <i>C. lividipennis</i> in a study of the effect of access to flowering plants of varying plant species on predation.</p

Effect of access to flowering plants of varying plant species on functional response of <i>C. lividipennis</i> males.

<p>Adult predators were confined with rice plants bearing different densities of brown planthopper (BPH) eggs and numbers of eggs remaining recorded after 24 hr. A: water (control); B: <i>T. erecta</i>; C: <i>S. indicum</i>; D: <i>P. grandiflora</i>; E: <i>A. conyzoides</i>; F: <i>T. procumbens</i>; G: <i>E. sonchifolia</i>; H: comparison of fitted curves for all treatments.</p

Parameter estimates of the functional response of <i>C. lividipennis</i> male adult (A–B*EXP(-K*Eggs)).

1<p>Predicted asymptote value for fitted lines showing maximum numbers of prey eggs consumed.</p><p>Values within a column followed by different letters differ significantly based on planned post hoc comparisons (<i>P</i> = 0.05 LSDs).</p><p>Parameter estimates of the functional response of <i>C. lividipennis</i> male adult (A–B*EXP(-K*Eggs)).</p