Deactivation differences in the DMN during Chinese chess problem-solving task (Game condition vs. Blank condition) (Two sample <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected).

<p>Deactivation differences in the DMN during Chinese chess problem-solving task (Game condition vs. Blank condition) (Two sample <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected).</p

Coordinates of CEN, DAN, SN activation and DMN deactivation during Chinese chess problem-solving task (Game condition vs. Blank board condition) (<i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected).

<p>Abbreviation: BA, brodmann area; R/L, right or left; CEN, central-executive network; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; PPC, posterior parietal cortex; DAN, dorsal attention network; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; FEF, Frontal Eye Field; SN, salience network; FIC, fronto-insular cortex; ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; DMN, default mode network; PCC, posterior cingulate cortex; VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; AG, angular gyrus. Regions labeled by † were used as seeds in the subsequent resting-state functional connectivity analysis to construct unbiased correlation maps for CEN, DAN, SN and DMN.</p

Results of the resting-state functional connectivity in the DMN.

<p>A and B demonstrate the population-averaged correlation maps of the DMN in GM/Ms (A) and novices (B) during resting-state experiment (One-sample <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected). Seeds for resting-state functional connectivity calculation of the DMN were labeled by † in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032532#pone-0032532-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>. (C) Between-group comparisons reveal significantly increased connectivity of DMN with the caudate nucleus in GM/Ms relative to novices (Two sample <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected. Peak MNI coordinates x, y, z: left caudate −12, 8, 12; right caudate 8, 10, 10). (D) Plots of the <i>z</i>-score in the bilateral caudate in the population-averaged correlation maps of DMN in GM/Ms (purple) and novices (blue).</p

The population-averaged correlation maps of CEN, DAN and SN in GM/Ms and novices during resting-state experiment (One-sample <i>t</i>-test, <i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected).

<p>Seeds for resting-state functional connectivity calculation of these three networks were labeled by † in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032532#pone-0032532-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Activation in the cognitive networks and deactivation in the DMN during Chinese chess problem-solving task (Game condition vs. Blank board condition).

<p>(A) General Linear Model (GLM) analysis revealed regional activations for GM/Ms (orange) and novices (purple) in the cognitive networks, which included bilateral DLPFC and PPC in the CEN (indicated by red arrow), FEF and IPS in DAN (yellow arrow) and FIC and ACC in the SN (light green arrow) (<i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected). (B) Deactivation map for GM/Ms (blue) and novices (light green) in PCC, MPFC and bilateral AG, which constitutes the DMN (light blue arrow) (<i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected). (C) PCC, left AG and middle temporal gyrus which located in the DMN shows significantly greater deactivation during Chinese chess problem-solving task in GM/Ms than in novices (<i>p</i><0.05, AlphaSim corrected). (D) Percent signal change at the PCC (MNI coordinate: 10, −52, 28) during game condition and blank board condition. Error bars represent standard error of the mean for each column.</p

Descriptive statistics of sample characteristics and personality scores.

<p>Age and personality scores are displayed as <i>mean</i>±<i>SD</i>.</p

Brain regions in which GMV were significantly related with E and N.

<p>MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute; BA, Brodmann’s area; E, extraversion; N, neurocitism; L, Left; R, right; AMYG, amygdala; ParaHG, parahippocampal gyrus; MTG, middle temporal gyrus; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; CER, cerebellum. <i>T</i> value represents the statistical value of peak voxel showing brain regions’ GMV correlated with E and N. Positive and negative <i>T</i> values indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively, between GMV and E/N scores.</p

Correlations of N score and GMV (<i>p</i><0.05, Alphasim corrected) in the (A) L superior frontal gyrus (−20, 13, 56) (<i>r</i> = −0.3853, <i>p</i><0.0001), and (B) R cerebellum (8, −41, −14) (<i>r = </i>0.3720, <i>p</i><0.05).

<p>The GMV values in the figure were extracted from the significant clusters after age, gender, and total intracranial volume of each subject were regressed out. More details of these regions are described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088763#pone-0088763-t002" target="_blank"><b>Table 2</b></a>.</p

Negative correlation of E score and GMV (<i>p</i><0.05, Alphasim corrected) in the (A) L parahippocampal (−18, 3, −24) (<i>r</i> = −0.42, <i>p</i><0.0001), (B) R parahippocampal (27, 6, −26) (<i>r</i> = −0.50, <i>p</i><0.0001), and (C) R middle temporal gyrus (54, −71, 20) (<i>r</i> = −0.38, <i>p</i><0.05).

<p>The GMV values in the figure were extracted from the significant clusters after age, gender, and total intracranial volume of each subject were regressed out. More details of these regions are described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0088763#pone-0088763-t002" target="_blank"><b>Table 2</b></a>.</p