The distribution of <i>C. mandshurica</i> and <i>A. barbinerve</i> in the old growth and secondary forest plots.

<p>The solid points represent the individuals of the two species. The contour lines refer to the topography of the two forest plots.</p

Effects of dbh, stem number in a shrub, neighborhood and soil variables on stem growth or survival of <i>C. mandshurica</i> and <i>A. barbinerve</i> in the old growth forest plot.

<p><i>Circles</i> show the coefficient estimate for each parameter, with 2S.E. indicated by <i>horizontal lines</i>. “Ba” represents basal area. Asterisks represent the probability that the estimates are not different from zero: *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001, ns not significant (<i>P</i>>0.05).</p

Parameters included in models.

<p>Parameters included in models.</p