Sex Trafficking Awareness Among Adolescents

Sex Trafficking is a growing concern for the United States of America. This research investigation identifies the level of awareness from a group of individuals about 14 to 18 years old, allowing for the improvement of prevention methods for younger populations. The data for this study reported an overall trend in which students had an insufficient understanding for sex trafficking and its occurrences. Student responses contained higher mean scores as the grade levels increased. The data supports the argument that students are not as aware as they may need to be; however, 10th grade students responded either “slightly agree” or “strongly agree” more frequently than the 9th, 11th, and 12th grade students, leading them to have higher averages. This group of students in particular deviated from the trend established by the other grade level; on average, 10th grade students had higher mean scores than the other grade levels. Survey results summarize a lack of awareness that may originate from ineffective, or nonexistent, awareness programs from the students’ middle schools. Individuals should be informed prior to their entrance into high school. The data followed a distribution in which students were becoming progressively more aware through each school year. During the developmental period between the ages of 11 and 15, individuals often seek closer relationships with perceived friends. Sex traffickers often take the form of a close friend, allowing for an an uninformed individual to put their trust in an potential trafficker

Prognostic Value of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>The prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to assess its role.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Studies were identified via an electronic search on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated for meta-analysis.</p><p>Results</p><p>There were 16 evaluated studies (n = 3337) in the meta-analysis. The combined HR evaluating EGFR mutations on disease free survival was 0.96 (95% CI [0.79–1.16] <i>P</i> = 0.65). The combined HR evaluating EGFR mutations on overall survival was 0.86 (95% CI [0.72–1.04] <i>P</i> = 0.12). The subgroup analysis based on univariate and multivariate analyses in DFS and OS showed no statistically significant difference. There was also no statistically significant difference in DFS and OS of stage I NSCLC patients.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The systematic review with meta-analysis showed that EGFR mutations were not a prognostic factor in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Well designed prospective study is needed to confirm the result.</p></div

Results of the methodological assessment by the European Lung Cancer Working Party score.

<p>Scores in the table are summarized by the median values. *: scored out of 10. Significant: the <i>P</i>-value for the statistical test comparing survival distributions between the groups with and without EGFR mutation was<0.05. Not significant: the <i>P</i>-value≥0.05 meant EGFR mutation was not a prognostic factor for survival.</p><p>Results of the methodological assessment by the European Lung Cancer Working Party score.</p

Characteristics of the eligible studies.

<p>PCR: polymerase chain reaction; Sequenom: mass spectrometry-based genotyping; ddSEQ: direct dideoxynucleotide sequencing; EPCR: mutation-enriched PCR; PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; NSEQ: nucleotide sequencing; SLA: sensitivity fagment length analysis; ARMS: amplified refractory mutation system; MNE-PCR: mutant non-enriched PCR; NS: nonsignificant.</p><p>Characteristics of the eligible studies.</p

Fixed-effect model forest plot of HR of DFS in pathologic stage subgroup analysis according to EGFR mutation status.

<p>Solid diamond indicates the pooled HR of DFS, square indicates hazard ratio value of each study.</p

Sensitivity analysis for combined HRs evaluating EGFR mutations on disease free survival.

<p>Sensitivity analysis for combined HRs evaluating EGFR mutations on disease free survival.</p

PRISMA Flow chart of the search result of the meta-analysis.

<p>PRISMA Flow chart of the search result of the meta-analysis.</p

Funnel plot for publication bias test DFS.

<p>The two oblique lines indicate the pseudo 95% CI.</p

Random-effect model forest plot of HR of OS in pathologic stage subgroup analysis according to EGFR mutation status.

<p>Solid diamond indicates the pooled HR of OS, Square indicates hazard ratio value of each study.</p

Funnel plot for publication bias test OS.

<p>The two oblique lines indicate the pseudo 95% CI.</p