Development a hyaluronic acid ion-pairing liposomal nanoparticle for enhancing anti-glioma efficacy by modulating glioma microenvironment

<p>Glioma, one of the most common brain tumors, remains a challenge worldwide. Due to the specific biological barriers such as blood–brain barrier (BBB), cancer stem cells (CSCs), tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and vasculogenic mimicry channels (VMs), a novel versatile targeting delivery for anti-glioma is in urgent need. Here, we designed a hyaluronic acid (HA) ion-pairing nanoparticle. Then, these nanoparticles were encapsulated in liposomes, termed as DOX-HA-LPs, which showed near-spherical morphology with an average size of 155.8 nm and uniform distribution (PDI = 0.155). HA was proven to specifically bind to CD44 receptor, which is over-expressed on the surface of tumor cells, other associated cells (such as CSCs and TAMs) and VMs. We systematically investigated anti-glioma efficacy and mechanisms <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. The strong anti-glioma efficacy could attribute to the accumulation in glioma site and the regulation of tumor microenvironment with depletion of TAMs, inhibition of VMs, and elimination of CSCs.</p

Volumetric Generation of Optical Vortices with Metasurfaces

Recent advances in metasurfaces, i.e., two-dimensional arrays of engineered nanoscale inclusions that are assembled onto a surface, have revolutionized the way to control electromagnetic waves with ultrathin, compact components. The generation of optical vortex beams, which carry orbital angular momentum, has emerged as a vital approach to applications ranging from high-capacity optical communication to parallel laser fabrication. However, the typically bulky elements used for the generation of optical vortices impose a fundamental limit toward on-chip integration with subwavelength footprints. Here, we investigate and experimentally demonstrate a three-dimensional volumetric optical vortices generation based on light–matter interaction with a high-efficiency dielectric metasurface. By employing the concepts of Dammann vortex gratings and spiral Dammann zone plates, a 3D optical vortex array with micrometer spatial separation is achieved from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Importantly, we show that the topological charge distribution can be spatially variant and fully controlled by the design

Influence of different treatment conditions of resveratrol on DEV infection.

<p>DEFs infected with DEV (MOI  = 0.1) were treated with resveratrol in various mode of actions. (1) Virus inactivation: DEV was treated with drug for 1 h at 37°C before infection. The virus and drug mixture was then added to cells for 1 h at 37°C. The media was removed and replaced with drug-free media. DEV suspended without drug was used as control (effect of temperature). (2) Inhibition of virus attachment: DEFs were infected in media containing the drug and virus for 1 h at 37°C, and then the mixture was removed. The cells were overlaid with drug-free media. (3) Pre-treatment effect: DEFs were pre-treatment with drug for 1 h at 37°C. And then DEV was added to the cells after resveratrol solution removal. After 1 h 37°C, the inoculum was removed and replaced with drug-free media. (4) Intracellular inhibition: after removing the unabsorbed virus, the media containing the resveratrol was added to the DEFs. At 48 h p.i., the total DNA was extracted from DEV-infected DEFs and copies of DEV were evaluated by the real-time FQ-PCR assay. Values are means ± SD (n = 3). Significance: different capital letters represent extremely significant differences among groups (P<0.01, n = 3).</p

Inhibition effects of resveratrol on DEV <i>in vitro</i>^a.

a<p>The inhibition effects on DEV were evaluated by MTT assay.</p>b<p>Inhibition concentration 50% (IC₅₀): concentration required to inhibit DEV at 72 h post-infection by 50%.(n = 3).</p>c<p>Cytotoxic concentration 50% (CC₅₀) concentration required to reduce cell viability by 50%. (n = 3).</p>d<p>SI: Selectivity index is defined as the radio of CC₅₀ to IC₅₀.</p

Inhibition of viral replication studied by TEM.

<p>DEFs were infected (C, D, E and F, MOI  = 0.1) or infected (A and B) with DEV in the absence (A, B, C and D) or presence (E and F) of 31.25 μg/mL of resveratrol. At 48 h p.i., the replication of DEV in DEFs were studied by TEM. Pictures were taken using a Tecnai G2 F20 electron microscope (FEI, USA). (A and B): normal appearance of cell nucleus and cytoplasm. (C): DEFs infected with DEV. ↗: viral capsids in nucleus; →: a massive accumulation of virus nucleic acids in nucleus; <>\scale 80%\raster="rg1"<>: mature viral particles in nucleus; white arrows ↗: chromatin margination; white arrows →: nucleolus membrane burst). (D): DEFs infected with DEV. (↗: Maturating and mature particles in cytoplasmatic vacuoles; →: Maturating particles in nucleus; white arrows ↗: chromatin margination; white arrows →: an extensive vacuoles degeneration). (E and F): Infected DEFs treatment with resveratrol. (→: few viral particles were observed in nucleus and cytoplasm). n: nucleus; c: cytoplasm; ec: extracellular space.</p

Growth curves of DEV in DEFs in the presence or absence of reveratrol.

<p>The DEFs were firstly infected with DEV at MOI of 1 and test resveratrol solution for 1 h at 37°C. DEV proliferated in the DEFs in the presence or absence of reveratrol within 72 h. The total DNA was extracted at the indicated time points (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h p.i.) and copies of DEV were detected via real-time FQ-PCR assay. Copies of DEV were calculated according to the standard curve equations: <i>C</i>t = −3.328×lg [virus copies/5.25]+40.138 (R² = 0.997). Values are means ± SD (n = 3).</p

Standard curve of real-time FQ-PCR amplification.

<p>Serial 10-fold dilutions of standard DEV DNA from 5.25×10¹⁰ to 10² copies were amplified in this process. Amplification efficiency (E) was 99.8%. The standard curve equations was <i>C</i>t = −3.328×lg [virus copies/5.25]+40.138 (R² = 0.997).</p

The summary of diarrhea degrees of piglets infected with rotavirus.

<p>The summary of diarrhea degrees of piglets infected with rotavirus.</p

The percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+in each group (M ± SD, n = 6, unit = %).

<p>The percentages of CD3+, CD3+CD4+, CD3+CD8+in each group (M ± SD, n = 6, unit = %).</p

Oxidative stress-associated markers in serum and liver.

<p>RVC, rotavirus control group; RDSL, low dose of resveratrol dry suspension group (3mg/kg/day); RDSM, medium dose of resveratrol dry suspension group (10mg/kg/day); RDSH, high dose of resveratrol dry suspension group (30mg/kg/day); MI, mock infected group. * Represents significant difference compared with the RVC group, P < 0.05. ⁺ Represents significant difference compared with the MI group, P < 0.05.</p