[[alternative]]THE CRITICISM AND RECONSTRUCTION OF AMATEURISM

[[abstract]]業餘運動精神為近百年運動史上最具代表性並為爭議的焦點 ，在過去，不斷有無數人為此維護,抗爭及煩惱。本研究以" 業餘運動精神的批判與重建"為題，欲了解及批判業餘運動精 神早期的發展與發展過程中的巨大衝擊，以及業餘運動精神的 真義並重建其道德教育價值。所得的結論如下: 運動可被視為個體的一種習慣，亦是一種社會行為。業餘 運動精神形成於19世紀的英國貴族上流階層，並成為上流社會 的"風俗習慣"。此一風俗習慣影響了奧運業餘運動規則的制定 ，然而風俗習慣下所制定的規則卻不能成為客觀的"道德準則"。 業餘運動規則隨著時代的變遷，在資本主義,社會主義國 家，以及全球商業化潮流的主要衝擊下，不斷受到挑戰，國際 奧會及許多運動協會藉於上述的衝擊下，不得不放寬規則，取 消了業餘規定，並開放給全世界最好的運動員參賽（包括職業 運動員），業餘運動精神在高競技運動社會中幾乎可說蕩然無 存。 儘管許多運動協會及組織取消業餘運動規則，允許運動員 收取獎金或報酬，但運動員因〞商業利益〞而違反運動倫理（ 道德）的行為仍持續存在。 因此，筆者以睿智來重建業餘運動精神的意義與範圍，以 及證立它存在的必要性。最後，筆者發現業餘運動精神對現代 運動社會具有一份道德意義，那就是強調運動主體對〞運動的 愛〞以及遵守〞公平競爭〞的持續精神。業餘運動精神如今應 被視為僅是一種價值；即一種〞道德〞上及〞教育〞上的價值。 Amateurism has been the most dominant thinking in the past hundred years and became the biggest issue. Many people were constantly defending it, arguing and confused about it. This study aims at "The Criticism and Reconstruction of Amateurism", to understand and criticise the early development of Amateurism and its great impact during the developmental process, as well as to understand Amateurism's true meaning and recons- truct it's moral and educational value.The conclusions are following: Sport can be seen as an individual habit as well as a social conduct. Amaateurism derived from the English aristocracy of 19th Century and formed a custom of the upper class. This custom also influenced the Amateur rules of the Olympic games. These rules formed by customs could not be an objective "moral standard". Times are changing. Amateur rules had been challenged by capitalist and socialist countries and by Global Commercialization. Owing to the above and to survival pressure, the International Olympic Committee and many Sports Federations had already changed their rules. They canceled the Amateur status and opened up competition for the best athletes (including professional athletes). Amateurism has almost disappeared in the highly competitive Sport. Although many Sports federations and Organisations had canceled the Amateur status and allowed reimbursm- ment or salary for athletes, athletes still violate the sport ethics (morality) because of the "commercial benefit". Therefore, the researcher reconstructed the meaning and range of Amateurism and through Intellige- nce justified it as a necessity. At last, he found there is a moral meaning to Amateurism, that is a continuing spirit for the "love of sport" and "fair play". Amateurism nowadays should be seen only as a " value"; a "moral" as well as an "educational" value.

密植對檬果生理的影響

為瞭解檬果植株在密植狀忒下的生理變化，本試驗分兩方面進行：幼曲遮光與成樹密 植。調本項目包括碳水化合物、氮素同化系統，以及葉片無磯養分濃度。 日照不良對檬果植株的影響，以碳水化合物製造與利用，以及氮素同化系統兩者較大 。此影響在果樹栽培初期或不明顯，但在以後會縮短檬果齡