Toy models for gravitational and scalar QED decoherence

We investigate the dynamics of two quantum mechanical oscillator system-bath toy models obtained by dimensionally truncating linearized gravity coupled to a massive scalar field and scalar QED. The scalar-gravity toy model maps onto the phase damped oscillator, while the scalar QED toy model approximately maps onto an oscillator system subject to two-photon damping. The toy models provide potentially useful insights into solving for open system quantum dynamics relevant to the full scalar QED and weak gravitational field systems, in particular the decoherence of initial scalar field system superposition states

ASPECTS ON THE QUANTUM DYNAMICS OF A SYSTEM COUPLED TO A BOSONIC ENVIRONMENT

In this work we study various aspects of the quantum dynamics for a system coupled to a Bosonic environment, which is described by a collection of quantum harmonic oscillators or a quantum field. We first consider two quantum mechanical oscillator system-bath models obtained by dimensionally truncating linearized gravity coupled to a massive scalar field and scalar QED, and we show that they separately map onto the phase damped oscillator model and the oscillator system subject to two-photon damping. The phase damped oscillator model also corresponds to the optomechanical system with an acoustic field environment, and we study the acoustic environment induced cavity modes dephasing dynamics as well as the possible infrared and ultraviolet divergence dependence on the spatial dimension of the environment with potential experimental realizations. Next, we show that the acoustic phonon field can not only induce the depahsing effects for the system, but also serves as an entanglement channel for two initially separable systems, which bears similarities with the weak, quantum gravitational fields as mediators of quantum entanglement. We then shift our focus to another system-bath model: Unruh-Dewitt (UDW) detectors coupled to a scalar field. We consider two scenarios here; one includes two UWD detectors coupled to a massless scalar field in a gravitational wave spacetime and we show that the entanglement harvested by two detectors depends sensitively on the frequency of the gravitational wave. The resonance effects can be observed when the energy gap of the detectors matches the frequency of the gravitational wave. The other one consists of a UWD detector initially in the ground state coupled to a nonrelativistic particle state of a massive scalar field, and it is found that the transition probability of the detector (which can be interpreted as the probability of detecting the particle at the location of the UWD detector) is qualitatively similar to the non-relativistic probability density of the particle

MOELoRA: An MOE-based Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning Method for Multi-task Medical Applications

The recent surge in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) has gained significant attention in numerous domains. In order to tailor an LLM to a specific domain such as a web-based healthcare system, fine-tuning with domain knowledge is necessary. However, two issues arise during fine-tuning LLMs for medical applications. The first is the problem of task variety, where there are numerous distinct tasks in real-world medical scenarios. This diversity often results in suboptimal fine-tuning due to data imbalance and seesawing problems. Additionally, the high cost of fine-tuning can be prohibitive, impeding the application of LLMs. The large number of parameters in LLMs results in enormous time and computational consumption during fine-tuning, which is difficult to justify. To address these two issues simultaneously, we propose a novel parameter-efficient fine-tuning framework for multi-task medical applications called MOELoRA. The framework aims to capitalize on the benefits of both MOE for multi-task learning and LoRA for parameter-efficient fine-tuning. To unify MOE and LoRA, we devise multiple experts as the trainable parameters, where each expert consists of a pair of low-rank matrices to maintain a small number of trainable parameters. Additionally, we propose a task-motivated gate function for all MOELoRA layers that can regulate the contributions of each expert and generate distinct parameters for various tasks. To validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method, we conducted comprehensive experiments on a public multi-task Chinese medical dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that MOELoRA outperforms existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods. The implementation is available online for convenient reproduction of our experiments

Analysis of genetic and nongenetic factors influencing triglycerides-lowering drug effects based on paired observations

Abstract Obesity is a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, high blood pressure, and other chronic diseases. Some drugs, including fenofibrate, are used to treat obesity or excessive weight by lowering the level of specific triglycerides. However, different groups have different drug sensitivities and, consequently, there are differences in drug effects. In this study, we assessed both genetic and nongenetic factors that influence drug responses and stratified patients into groups based on differential drug effect and sensitivity. Our methodology of investigating genetic factors and nongenetic factors is applicable to studying differential effects of other drugs, such as statins, and provides an approach to the development of personalized medicine

Variations and Determinants of Hospital Costs for Acute Stroke in China

BACKGROUND: The burden of stroke is high and increasing in China. We modelled variations in, and predictors of, the costs of hospital care for patients with acute stroke in China. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Baseline characteristics and hospital costs for 5,255 patients were collected using the prospective register-based ChinaQUEST study, conducted in 48 Level 3 and 14 Level 2 hospitals in China during 2006-2007. Ordinary least squares estimation was used to determine factors associated with hospital costs. Overall mean cost of hospitalisation was 11,216 Chinese Yuan Renminbi (CNY) (≈US$1,602) per patient, which equates to more than half the average annual wage in China. Variations in cost were largely attributable to stroke severity and length of hospital stay (LOS). Model forecasts showed that reducing LOS from the mean of 20 days for Level 3 and 18 days for Level 2 hospitals to a duration of 1 week, which is common among Western countries, afforded cost reductions of 49% and 19%, respectively. Other lesser determinants varied by hospital level: in Level 3 hospitals, health insurance and the occurrence of in-hospital complications were each associated with 10% and 18% increases in cost, respectively, whilst treatment in a teaching hospital was associated with approximately 39% decrease in cost on average. For Level 2 hospitals, stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage was associated with a 19% greater cost than for ischaemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Changes to hospital policies to standardise resource use and reduce the variation in LOS could attenuate costs and improve efficiencies for acute stroke management in China. The success of these strategies will be enhanced by broader policy initiatives currently underway to reform hospital reimbursement systems

Rethinking Environmental Bureaucracies in River Chiefs System (RCS) in China: A Critical Literature Study

Efforts to understand the political complexities of water governance must include critical hierarchical or bureaucratical perspectives. The River Chiefs System, China’s national mechanism which has evolved from local attempts, values more political control than governance efficiency. Water governance, which is regarded as a political task, is allocated from river chiefs at higher levels to lower levels. The River Chiefs System stipulates that local river chiefs fully mobilize and integrate various technical and administrative forces to achieve environmental goals. However, the strengthening of local authority enables local river chiefs to combat or eliminate state power. Although public involvement in the River Chiefs System is encouraged to some extent, “government-dependent” public participation hardly ensures real public involvement and supervision

Clan in transition: societal changes of villages in China from the perspective of water pollution

Societal relations in rural areas have entered into a new stage of adjustment over the past decade. However, the adjustment, which might bring about profound societal changes in countryside as well as in China as a whole, have not been paid much attention and very few studies have been conducted from the perspective of ecological resource crises. We use the case of a village as an example to show how water pollution, as one of the contributory factors, possibly affect the transition of clans and societal changes in Chinese villages. Through observation and interviews, we find that there is an apparent rise of New Clanism within clans, which gradually abandons the tradition of supremacy of clan interests and places family or individual interests at top priority. We also find that clan boundaries get increasingly obscure since the integrity of clans is undermined by the rise of new interest groups across clans, but the boundaries remain relatively clear due to the consistency (albeit incomplete) of clan interests. Some new clan elites and representatives of new interest groups get involved in village governance, which indicates that their goals have shifted from natural resources to social or political capital. The significance of our findings is that they provide not only a unique perspective for the interaction between society and resources, but also some new ideas for the future study of rural China at the environment-social interface