Data_Sheet_1_Dynamic functional connectivity analysis with temporal convolutional network for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder identification.PDF

IntroductionDynamic functional connectivity (dFC), which can capture the abnormality of brain activity over time in resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data, has a natural advantage in revealing the abnormal mechanism of brain activity in patients with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several deep learning methods have been proposed to learn dynamic changes from rs-fMRI for FC analysis, and achieved superior performance than those using static FC. However, most existing methods only consider dependencies of two adjacent timestamps, which is limited when the change is related to the course of many timestamps.MethodsIn this paper, we propose a novel Temporal Dependence neural Network (TDNet) for FC representation learning and temporal-dependence relationship tracking from rs-fMRI time series for automated ADHD identification. Specifically, we first partition rs-fMRI time series into a sequence of consecutive and non-overlapping segments. For each segment, we design an FC generation module to learn more discriminative representations to construct dynamic FCs. Then, we employ the Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) to efficiently capture long-range temporal patterns with dilated convolutions, followed by three fully connected layers for disease prediction.ResultsAs the results, we found that considering the dynamic characteristics of rs-fMRI time series data is beneficial to obtain better diagnostic performance. In addition, dynamic FC networks generated in a data-driven manner are more informative than those constructed by Pearson correlation coefficients.DiscussionWe validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach through extensive experiments on the public ADHD-200 database, and the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model over state-of-the-art methods in ADHD identification.</p

Additional file 1: of Whole-genome regulation analysis of histone H3 lysin 27 trimethylation in subclinical mastitis cows infected by Staphylococcus aureus

Table S1. Primers used to identify S. aureus. Table S2. Data statistics of DGE sequencing. Table S3. KEGG pathway analysis of differential expressed genes related to S. aureus mastitis resistance. Table S4. Raw data and mapping results of bovine H3K27me3. Table S5. Primers used to confirm ChIP-seq and DGE results of CD4 and IL10 genes. Table S6. DHI records and bacterium culture of sample cows. Table S7. Common differentially expressed genes by the two classification criteria. (DOCX 38 kb

The cell DNA replication was examined by BrdU incorporation.

<p>The binding fluorescence intensity of FITC by flow cytometer determined the initiation of DNA replication. R2 represents cells are under replication. Small and big arrow represents that cells continues DNA replication with DNA contents of 4N.</p

The selective increase of DNA poly β in the SN neurons in the ST-infused rats.

<p>After rotenone infusion, the immunoreactivity of DNA poly β was detected. B-D show selective enlargements of A. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

Alterations in cell morphology and nucleus size caused by treatment with rotenone (0.25 or 2 µM) (x200 and selective enlargement).

<p>Cellular morphological changes and axons alterations were visualized using a light microscope after exposure to rotenone (0.25 or 2 µM). The toxic effect of chronic exposure to rotenone at low-dose levels was maintained for 1.5, 3 and 7 days. With exposure to rotenone (2 µM), cells were cultured for 24 and 36 h. Under the same conditions, cells were stained with Hoechst dye and the nucleus size was observed using a fluorescence microscope. The selective enlargement graph was at the bottom.</p

The expression of DNA poly β was enhanced in the lesioned brains of rats following rotenone infusion.

<p>Double immunohistostaining of DNA poly β and TH was performed. The right part represents the selective enlargement. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

After stereotactic (ST) infusion rotenone, the increased expression of cyclin D was induced in the SN neurons.

<p>The immunoreactivity of cyclin D and TH was observed under the Laser confocal microscopy using DyLight 488-conjugated donkey-anti-rabbit IgG and Cy3-conjugated donkey-anti-sheep IgG, respectively, in the SN dopaminergic neurons of rats; The right graph is the selective enlargement; Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

The cell cycle distribution in>4N phase and endoreduplication were interrupted by treatment with a DNA poly β inhibitor or by DNA poly β knockdown.

<p>(A) The expression of DNA poly β was examined by western blot as cells cultured with DDC or were transfected with siRNA DNA poly β. The results are presented as the ratio of the DNA poly β expression to β-actin expression. * <i>P</i><0.05 compared to the control group; ** <i>P</i><0.05 compared to the rotenone group; Rot: rotenone. (B) and (C) Cell cycle distribution and DNA replication were analyzed by flow cytometry using BrdU/PI staining after the addition of DDC or DNA poly β depletion. * <i>P</i><0.05 compared to the rotenone group; # <i>P</i>>0.05 compared to the rotenone group; R3 represents endoreduplication; R2-R3 represents S phase; The data represent three independent experiments and are expressed as the mean ± SD.</p

Expression of TH in the lesioned SN.

<p>Brain tissue sections were cut to a thickness of 5 µm and were immunostained using an anti-TH antibody. The TH-positive neurons were visualized using a Cy3-conjugated donkey-anti-sheep IgG antibody. The TH-positive SN neurons were counted in the same coordinates of two coronal sections from the right brain of two rats. The bottom graph is the selective enlargement. * <i>P</i><0.05 compared to the vehicle group; SNc: substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr: substantia nigra pars reticulate. Scale bar = 20 µm.</p

Statistics for adjusted measurements of 38,602 individuals at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth.

<p>Statistics for adjusted measurements of 38,602 individuals at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after birth.</p