Data_Sheet_2_Unraveling the antimicrobial potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809 sourced from Bufo gargarizans: advancing the frontier of probiotic-based therapeutics.xlsx

IntroductionIn an era increasingly defined by the challenge of antibiotic resistance, this study offers groundbreaking insights into the antibacterial properties of two distinct Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, TE0907 and TE1809, hailing from the unique ecosystem of Bufo gargarizans. It uniquely focuses on elucidating the intricate components and mechanisms that empower these strains with their notable antibacterial capabilities.MethodsThe research employs a multi-omics approach, including agar diffusion tests to assess antibacterial efficacy and adhesion assays with HT-29 cells to understand the preliminary mechanisms. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is employed to analyze the production of organic acids, notably acetic acid, and whole-genome sequencing is utilized to identify genes linked to the biosynthesis of antibiotics and bacteriocin-coding domains.ResultsThe comparative analysis highlighted the exceptional antibacterial efficacy of strains TE0907 and TE1809, with mean inhibitory zones measured at 14.97 and 15.98 mm, respectively. A pivotal discovery was the significant synthesis of acetic acid in both strains, demonstrated by a robust correlation coefficient (cor ≥ 0.943), linking its abundance to their antimicrobial efficiency. Genomic exploration uncovered a diverse range of elements involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics similar to tetracycline and vancomycin and potential regions encoding bacteriocins, including Enterolysin and Plantaricin.ConclusionThis research illuminates the remarkable antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms intrinsic to L. plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809, sourced from B. gargarizans. The findings underscore the strains' extensive biochemical and enzymatic armamentarium, offering valuable insights into their role in antagonizing enteric pathogens. These results lay down a comprehensive analytical foundation for the potential clinical deployment of these strains in safeguarding animal gut health, thereby enriching our understanding of the role of probiotic bacteria in the realm of antimicrobial interventions.</p

Data_Sheet_3_Unraveling the antimicrobial potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809 sourced from Bufo gargarizans: advancing the frontier of probiotic-based therapeutics.xlsx

IntroductionIn an era increasingly defined by the challenge of antibiotic resistance, this study offers groundbreaking insights into the antibacterial properties of two distinct Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, TE0907 and TE1809, hailing from the unique ecosystem of Bufo gargarizans. It uniquely focuses on elucidating the intricate components and mechanisms that empower these strains with their notable antibacterial capabilities.MethodsThe research employs a multi-omics approach, including agar diffusion tests to assess antibacterial efficacy and adhesion assays with HT-29 cells to understand the preliminary mechanisms. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is employed to analyze the production of organic acids, notably acetic acid, and whole-genome sequencing is utilized to identify genes linked to the biosynthesis of antibiotics and bacteriocin-coding domains.ResultsThe comparative analysis highlighted the exceptional antibacterial efficacy of strains TE0907 and TE1809, with mean inhibitory zones measured at 14.97 and 15.98 mm, respectively. A pivotal discovery was the significant synthesis of acetic acid in both strains, demonstrated by a robust correlation coefficient (cor ≥ 0.943), linking its abundance to their antimicrobial efficiency. Genomic exploration uncovered a diverse range of elements involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics similar to tetracycline and vancomycin and potential regions encoding bacteriocins, including Enterolysin and Plantaricin.ConclusionThis research illuminates the remarkable antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms intrinsic to L. plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809, sourced from B. gargarizans. The findings underscore the strains' extensive biochemical and enzymatic armamentarium, offering valuable insights into their role in antagonizing enteric pathogens. These results lay down a comprehensive analytical foundation for the potential clinical deployment of these strains in safeguarding animal gut health, thereby enriching our understanding of the role of probiotic bacteria in the realm of antimicrobial interventions.</p

Result of the Bayesian coalescent-based estimation of divergence time among different evolutionary clades/subclades and the time to the most recent common ancestor (<i>t</i>_MRCA) of different evolutionary clades/subclades.

<p>Results based on non-partition and partitioned by each codon were shown (two partitions: pos1+pos2, pos3; three partitions: pos1, pos2, pos3). Mean values are shown in bold and 95% HPD are shown in brackets.</p

Additional file 12: Table S11. of Mitochondrial genomes of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae) and two large intergenic spacers in Hycleus genera

The best-fit schemes and evolutionary models for two datasets. (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 4: Table S4. of Mitochondrial genomes of blister beetles (Coleoptera, Meloidae) and two large intergenic spacers in Hycleus genera

Annotation of the Hycleus cichorii mitogenome. (DOCX 22 kb

Image_1_Unraveling the antimicrobial potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809 sourced from Bufo gargarizans: advancing the frontier of probiotic-based therapeutics.jpeg

IntroductionIn an era increasingly defined by the challenge of antibiotic resistance, this study offers groundbreaking insights into the antibacterial properties of two distinct Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains, TE0907 and TE1809, hailing from the unique ecosystem of Bufo gargarizans. It uniquely focuses on elucidating the intricate components and mechanisms that empower these strains with their notable antibacterial capabilities.MethodsThe research employs a multi-omics approach, including agar diffusion tests to assess antibacterial efficacy and adhesion assays with HT-29 cells to understand the preliminary mechanisms. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is employed to analyze the production of organic acids, notably acetic acid, and whole-genome sequencing is utilized to identify genes linked to the biosynthesis of antibiotics and bacteriocin-coding domains.ResultsThe comparative analysis highlighted the exceptional antibacterial efficacy of strains TE0907 and TE1809, with mean inhibitory zones measured at 14.97 and 15.98 mm, respectively. A pivotal discovery was the significant synthesis of acetic acid in both strains, demonstrated by a robust correlation coefficient (cor ≥ 0.943), linking its abundance to their antimicrobial efficiency. Genomic exploration uncovered a diverse range of elements involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics similar to tetracycline and vancomycin and potential regions encoding bacteriocins, including Enterolysin and Plantaricin.ConclusionThis research illuminates the remarkable antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms intrinsic to L. plantarum strains TE0907 and TE1809, sourced from B. gargarizans. The findings underscore the strains' extensive biochemical and enzymatic armamentarium, offering valuable insights into their role in antagonizing enteric pathogens. These results lay down a comprehensive analytical foundation for the potential clinical deployment of these strains in safeguarding animal gut health, thereby enriching our understanding of the role of probiotic bacteria in the realm of antimicrobial interventions.</p

The result of McDonald-Kreitman test for cyt <i>b</i> gene of <i>Apodemus draco</i> (N = 126) and <i>A. latronum</i> (N = 68).

<p>Values corrected by Jukes and Cantor (1969) are given in parentheses.</p

Table <b>5.</b> Results of hierarchical analyses of molecular variance (AMOVA) conducted using different grouping options.

*<p>Populations contain only one sample are exclude in all the analyses Main evolutionary clades and subclades in clade 1 are observed in our phylogenetic trees.</p><p># Jiajin Moutain, Erlang Moutain, Gongga Mountain, Hongya county.</p

Table <b>4.</b> Pairwise <i>F</i>_ST values among the 13 populations surveyed of <i>Apodemus draco</i>.

<p>Populations contain only one sample are exclude in this analyses.</p><p>Numbers in bold indicate statistically significant genetic differentiation (<i>P</i><0.05). Populations are numbered as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0038184#pone-0038184-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Results of spatial autocorrelation analyses of cyt <i>b</i> sequences in <i>Apodemus draco</i>.

<p>Analyses were performed using different distance classes (5, 10 and 15). Only the results of z = 10 and 15 distance classes were shown. Black circles represent values significantly different (<i>p</i><0.05) from the mean <i>Ay</i>. (a) All individuals. (b) Exclude all the GenBank sequences due to we did not have their coordinates. (c) Individuals in clade 1.</p