Effect of Host–Guest Interactions on the Cloud Points of Neutral Thermosensitive Homopolymers: Poly(<i>N</i>-n-propylmethacrylamide) and Polymers with Similar Structures

We investigated effect of cyclodextrins (CDs) on the cloud point of several thermosensitive polymers that are not ionizable. α-CD increased the cloud point of the poly­(<i>N</i>-n-propylmethacrylamide) (PnPMAm) aqueous solution; by contrast, β-CD or γ-CD did not affect the cloud point of the PnPMAm solution. The cloud point of the PnPMAm solution increased gradually with an increase in the concentration of α-CD. Furthermore, we compared the effect of the CDs on the cloud points of four polymers with similar structures. As for poly­(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) (PiPAAm), neither α-CD nor β-CD affected its cloud point. On the basis of the effect of the differently sized CDs on the cloud point of five polymers and the corresponding NOESY NMR data, we inferred that steric hindrance by the main chain of PiPAAm might be responsible for the bulky CD being unable to form a complex with the short isopropyl group

Intake of Fruit Juice and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

<div><p>Background</p><p>Several prospective studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between fruit juice intake and risk of incident type 2 diabetes, but results have been mixed. In the present study, we aimed to estimate the association between fruit juice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes.</p><p>Methods</p><p>PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to December 2013. All prospective cohort studies of fruit juice intake with risk of type 2 diabetes were included. The pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for highest vs. lowest category of fruit juice intake were estimated using a random-effects model.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of four studies (191,686 participants, including 12,375 with type 2 diabetes) investigated the association between sugar-sweetened fruit juice and risk of incident type 2 diabetes, and four studies (137,663 participants and 4,906 cases) investigated the association between 100% fruit juice and risk of incident type 2 diabetes. A higher intake of sugar-sweetened fruit juice was significantly associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (RR = 1.28, 95%CI = 1.04–1.59, <i>p</i> = 0.02), while intake of 100% fruit juice was not associated with risk of developing type 2 diabetes (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.91–1.18, <i>p</i> = 0.62).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Our findings support dietary recommendations to limit sugar-sweetened beverages, such as fruit juice with added sugar, to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes.</p></div

Funnel plot of the association between intake of fruit juice and incident type 2 diabetes.

<p>Funnel plot of the association between intake of fruit juice and incident type 2 diabetes.</p

Relative risk for incident type 2 diabetes for highest versus lowest intake of fruit juice (by type of juice).

<p>Relative risk for incident type 2 diabetes for highest versus lowest intake of fruit juice (by type of juice).</p