Solvent and substituent effects on the conversion of 4-methoxypyridines to N-methyl-4-pyridones

<p>In the reaction of 4-methoxypyridine derivatives with alkyl iodides in the presence or absence of solvent, not only the pyridinium ions but also the related 1-methylpyridones are produced. The presence of solvent favors the formation of the 1-methylpyridone. Electron withdrawing groups on the pyridine ring also favor this conversion. A possible mechanism is presented.</p

Metal–organic supramolecular compounds self-assembled from [Mg(H₂O)₆]²⁺ clusters and ferrocene-containing carboxylic acids to inverse lipid-like layered structures with good pH response

<p>Two metal–organic supramolecular compounds, [Mg(H₂O)₆]·2FcCO₂·2H₂O (<b>1</b>) and [Mg(H₂O)₆]·2FcCOC₆H₄CO₂·2H₂O (<b>2</b>), were prepared by solvothermal synthesis. The solids exhibit non-covalent self-assembly and layered structures with unprecedented inverse lipid-like bilayer arrangements. Further investigations revealed that the layered structures were sensitive to pH changes. The proposed synthesis method in this report would allow development of new types of pH-responsive materials.</p

Expression profiles of spots showing up- or down-regulation in patient samples.

<p>Of all spots included in the analyses (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034237#pone-0034237-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>), those showing a distinct up-regulation (P, upper panels) or down-regulation (P, lower panels) in the patient sample when compared with all other samples of the same experimental sets are shown in A: HA09, B: HA19, C: HA21 and D: HA24. Graphic depictions of expression levels include both replicates run per sample comparing normalized volumes.</p

Sample characterization (Blood Parameters and Enzyme Assays).

**<p>blood transfusion prior to drawing blood: HA09 42 days, HA24 37 days.</p><p>m: male.</p><p>f: female.</p><p>UI: International Unit.</p><p>G6PD: Glucose -6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase.</p><p>TPI: Triose Phosphate Isomerase.</p><p>GPI: Glucose Phosphate Isomerase.</p><p>ND: No Data.</p><p>The complete panel of enzyme assays performed on all samples in this study including controls can be found in Supplementary <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034237#pone-0034237-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Examples of protein expression patterns where one or both parents are intermediate between the levels measured in the patient sample and those measured in the controls (see also <b>Table 3</b>).

<p>Shown are Graphs (in normalized volume) for both replicates run per indicated sample in experimental set HA09 (A), HA19 (B), HA21 (C, left panel: patient lower expressing, right panel: patient higher expressing) and HA24 (D, left panel: patient lower expressing, right panel: patient higher expressing). Numbers (#) refer to Spot ranks in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034237#pone-0034237-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Principal Component Analysis was calculated by Same Spots software.

<p>Dot plot of all spots included in analysis (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034237#pone-0034237-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>) shows that in all four experimental sets (HA09, HA19, HA21 and HA24), replicate samples group closely together and patient samples differ significantly from both familial and unrelated control samples.</p

Schematic illustrating the experimental work flow from diagnosis of an anemia patient as HNSHA of unknown etiology to identifications of proteins potentially involved in the pathology of the disease.

<p>Schematic illustrating the experimental work flow from diagnosis of an anemia patient as HNSHA of unknown etiology to identifications of proteins potentially involved in the pathology of the disease.</p

Exportin 7, Fumarate Hydratase and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase protein expression.

<p>Graphs shows expression levels of Exportin 7 (A), Fumarate Hydratase (B) and Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (C) in normalized volume for both replicates run per indicated sample. Included are all spots in which the indicated proteins were identified as the predominant protein. D: Images of gel sections (three for HA19, left panel; four images for HA24, right panel) were merged to show the area where spots were excised. Blue lines enclose spot areas.</p

Proteins with parental expression intermediate between patient and unrelated control samples.

<p>ID: Name of sample set (HA09, HA19, HA21, HA24).</p><p>Spot rank: Rank of spot as assigned by Same Spots Software depending on fold change (normalized volume) comparing the highest to lowest sample,</p><p>Fold Change: Comparison of normalized volume in Patient sample with average of Control and Standard sample.</p><p>Gene: HGNC Symbol for coding human gene.</p><p>Protein: HGNC Symbol for protein identified.</p

Expression profiles of proteins involved in protein degradation (see also Supplementary Table S7).

<p>Graphs show expression levels in normalized volume for both replicates run per indicated sample (A: HA09, B: HA19, C: HA21 and D: HA24). Two spot expression patterns in HA21 differ from the others: PSMB4 is expressed at reduced levels in both patient and her mother (blue line) and PSMC5 is expressed at increased levels in the patient (green line).</p