The evolution of mitochondrial genome and proteome in animals

Mitochondria, found in nearly all eukaryotes, are indispensable double membrane organelles that play pivotal roles in several cellular processes. While diversity of mitochondrial genomes among eukaryotes has been recognized, it was thought that animal mitochondrial genomes are small circular molecules with little variation in size and gene content. However this picturing of animal mitochondrial genomes was based on a biased sampling drawn primarily from bilaterian animals. In order to explore the diversity and understand the evolution of mitochondrial genomes in animals, we sequenced and analyzed mitochondrial genomes from all 14 orders of demosponges, the biggest class within sponges (phylum Porifera). Comparative genome analysis shows that a large variation in mitochondrial genome architecture is present within this group exceeding that found within Bilateria. Phylogenomic analyses based on mtDNA data support demosponges as a monophyletic group and suggest that the last common ancestor of animals might have had a tissue-level organization. Although transfer RNA (tRNA) genes are generally conserved in these genomes, evidences were found for horizontal evolution of some tRNA genes that cautioned the use of tRNA phylogeny to infer genetic code evolution. While animal mitochondrial genomes only encode a handful of proteins, the complex functions of mitochondria require over a thousand of proteins that more than 98% are nuclear encoded. Comparative gene family analyses for nuclear encoded mitochondrial proteins demonstrate that protein subcellular relocalization enabled the retention and gain of function of genes after duplications and provided a way for recruiting mitochondrial proteins. In addition, mitochondrial proteome also expanded through subfunctionalization mechanism after gene duplications

China’s Law Teaching Methods Reform

During teaching reform, the matter of utmost importance is interaction between teachers and students. This article focuses on applying Interactivity Principles to teaching methods, in order to achieve an inspirational, participatory and democratic classroom

A systematic approach for preferential crystallization - Thermodynamics, kinetics, optimal operation and in-situ monitoring

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

AML1-ETO interacts with Sp1 and antagonizes Sp1 transactivity through RUNT domain

AbstractAML1-ETO fusion protein is observed in approximately 12% of acute myeloid leukemia. In the present research, we found that AML1-ETO is able to inhibit Sp1 transactivity. We also found that this inhibition of Sp1 transactivity by AML1-ETO is achieved by interaction between Sp1 and RUNT domain of AML1. AML1b is able to abrogate the inhibition of AML1-ETO. Since Sp1 is involved in hematopoietic cell differentiation, we proposed that AML1-ETO promotes leukemogenesis by blocking cell differentiation through inhibition of Sp1 transactivity.Structured summaryMINT-6549474: AML1-ETO (genbank_protein_gi:AAB34820) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Sp1 (uniprotkb:P08047) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)MINT-6549439: Sp1 (uniprotkb:P08047) physically interacts (MI:0218) with AML1-ETO (uniprotkb:AAB34820) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007)MINT-6549458: Sp1 (uniprotkb:P08047) physically interacts (MI:0218) with AML1a (uniprotkb:Q01196-2) by anti tag coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0007

Culture Condition Effect on Bioflocculant Production and Actual Wastewater Treatment Application by Different Types of Bioflocculants

The effect of culture condition on different types of bioflocculant production and its application on actual wastewater treatment were studied in this chapter. The advantages of mixed strain HXJ-1 were as follows: directly using acidic wine wastewater, adapting to wastewater at high concentrations and the presence of less nitrogen. HXJ-1 achieved good flocculating rate when the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 12,000 mg/L, C/N 20:1. Three kinds of bioflocculants had some good treatment results on starch wastewater, printing and dyeing wastewater and landfill leachate. The treatment effect of XJBF-1 (produced by mixed strain HXJ-1) on the starch wastewater was better than that of traditional polyacrylamide and other bioflocculants produced by a single bacterial (X15BF-1) and yeast strain (J1BF-1). XJBF-1 had better treatment results on three types of wastewater. It also had good removal rate of chromaticity, especially on the starch wastewater , the printing and dyeing wastewater; the removal rate was up to 88%, and the starch wastewater COD removal rate was up to 86%

Effects of doping in 25-atom bimetallic nanocluster catalysts for carbon–carbon coupling reaction of iodoanisole and phenylacetylene

AbstractWe here report the catalytic effects of foreign atoms (Cu, Ag, and Pt) doped into well-defined 25-gold-atom nanoclusters. Using the carbon-carbon coupling reaction of p-iodoanisole and phenylacetylene as a model reaction, the gold-based bimetallic MxAu25−x(SR)18 (–SR=–SCH2CH2Ph) nanoclusters (supported on titania) were found to exhibit distinct effects on the conversion of p-iodoanisole as well as the selectivity for the Sonogashira cross-coupling product, 1-methoxy-4-(2-phenylethynyl)benzene). Compared to Au25(SR)18, the centrally doped Pt1Au24(SR)18 causes a drop in catalytic activity but with the selectivity retained, while the AgxAu25−x(SR)18 nanoclusters gave an overall performance comparable to Au25(SR)18. Interestingly, CuxAu25−x(SR)18 nanoclusters prefer the Ullmann homo-coupling pathway and give rise to product 4,4′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl, which is in opposite to the other three nanocluster catalysts. Our overall conclusion is that the conversion of p-iodoanisole is largely affected by the electronic effect in the bimetallic nanoclusters’ 13-atom core (i.e., Pt1Au12, CuxAu13−x, and Au13, with the exception of Ag doping), and that the selectivity is primarily determined by the type of atoms on the MxAu12−x shell (M=Ag, Cu, and Au) in the nanocluster catalysts