An overview of multi-omics technologies in rheumatoid arthritis: applications in biomarker and pathway discovery

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with a complex pathological mechanism involving autoimmune response, local inflammation and bone destruction. Metabolic pathways play an important role in immune-related diseases and their immune responses. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis may be related to its metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, histological techniques, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, provide powerful tools for comprehensive analysis of molecular changes in biological systems. The present study explores the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of RA, emphasizing the central role of metabolic dysregulation in the RA disease process and highlighting the complexity of metabolic pathways, particularly metabolic remodeling in synovial tissues and its association with cytokine-mediated inflammation. This paper reveals the potential of histological techniques in identifying metabolically relevant therapeutic targets in RA; specifically, we summarize the genetic basis of RA and the dysregulated metabolic pathways, and explore their functional significance in the context of immune cell activation and differentiation. This study demonstrates the critical role of histological techniques in decoding the complex metabolic network of RA and discusses the integration of histological data with other types of biological data

Analysis on Local Government’s Illegal Occupation of Cultivated Land Using Game Theory

In order to find out reasons for local government illegally occupying cultivated land and reduce such acts to ensure China’s grain security, this paper made an analysis through building the single person game model for local government’s legal or illegal occupation of cultivation land. It reached the conclusion that the benefit obtained by local government from illegal occupation of cultivated land is far greater than cost and punishment of such illegal acts. Illegal act is an optimal choice of local government to maximize its benefits, which is also the major reason for its illegal occupation of cultivated land. Thus, to reduce these illegal acts of local government, it should reduce benefits of local government obtained from illegal occupation of cultivated land, and increase costs for illegal occupation of cultivated land

Experimental and Numerical Studies on Recrystallization Behavior of Single-Crystal Ni-Base Superalloy

The recrystallization (RX) behavior of superalloy during standard solution heat treatment (SSHT) varies significantly with deformation temperature. Single-crystal (SX) samples of Ni-base superalloy were compressed to 5% plastic deformation at room temperature (RT) and 980 °C, and the deformed samples were then subjected to SSHT process which consists of 1290 °C/1 h, 1300 °C/2 h, and 1315 °C/4 h, air cooling. RT-deformed samples showed almost no RX grains until the annealing temperature was elevated to 1315 °C, while 980 °C-deformed samples showed a large number of RX grains in the initial stage of SSHT. It is inferred that the strengthening effect of γ’ phases and the stacking faults in them increase the driving force of RX for 980 °C-deformed samples. The RX grains nucleate and grow in dendritic arms preferentially when the microstructural inhomogeneity is not completely eliminated by SSHT. A model coupling crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) and cellular automaton (CA) method was proposed to simulate the RX evolution during SSHT. One ({111} <110>) and three ({111} <110>, {100} <110>, {111} <112>) slip modes were assumed to be activated at RT and 980 °C in CPFEM calculations, respectively. The simulation takes the inhomogeneous as-cast dendritic microstructure into consideration. The simulated RX morphology and density conform well to experimental results

Additive manufacturing of Invar 36 alloy

Invar 36 alloy, renowned for its ultra-low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), is a functional Fe–Ni alloy that finds wide applications in aerospace and precision instruments. Additive manufacturing (AM), as a rapid digital manufacturing process, can efficiently and flexibly fabricate Invar 36 alloy parts with complex geometric and exceptional properties. Considering the advantages of AM and the increasing interest and demand for Invar 36 alloy parts fabrication by AM in recent years, it is imperative to provide a comprehensive summary of the current research status and technological advancements pertaining to AM Invar 36 alloy. Firstly, an overview of the AM processes currently employed for fabricating Invar 36 alloy is provided, including laser powder bed fusion, selective laser sintering, directed energy deposition, cold spray additive manufacturing, wire arc additive manufacturing, and binder jetting. Additionally, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and CTE of Invar 36 alloy manufactured by AM are summarized. Even eliminating the post heat treatment, the as-printed Invar 36 alloy can achieve excellent low CTE and mechanical properties, comparable to or exceeding traditional manufacturing processes. Moreover, the advantages and research progress of AM Invar 36 alloy composites are introduced. Enhancing mechanical properties while reducing CTE is a common challenge for both AM Invar 36 alloy and Invar composites. Finally, the technical gaps, research trends, and potential applications of AM Invar 36 alloy are summarized and prospected

Different modes of the effect of 1,2-propanediol and azone on stratum corneum lipids

The stratum corneum (SC) controls the diffusion and penetration of drugs into and through the skin. In this investigation, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the effect of two enhancers, 1,2-propanediol and azone, on lipids extracted from SC (SC lipids). The two enhancers affected the SC lipids. However, their function modes were different. The penetration enhancing mechanisms of the two enhancers are discussed based on their effects on SC lipids and on their efficiencies in arbutin permeation enhancemen

Performance Modification of Chitosan Membranes Induced by Gamma Irradiation

Trauma of the nervous system often results in permanent functional loss because the spontaneous regeneration of nerves is very difficult. Thus, various methods have been developed to facilitate the restoration of damaged nerve. The biodegradable nerve conduit is one of the most promising methods for nerve regeneration. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide that has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, can be used as conduit material. But, nerves regenerated by nerve conduits made from chitosan have some problems, for example, with their mechanical properties. This article shows that the mechanical properties of chitosan film were markedly improved by selected doses of gamma radiation and cell culturing experiments on the surface of the irradiated chitosan film indicated that the film still has excellent biocompatibility

Comparative study on microstructure, mechanical and high temperature oxidation resistant behaviors of SLM IN718 superalloy before and after heat treatment

The microstructure, phase transformation behavior, heat treatment effects, and their impacts on the mechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation resistance of IN718 nickel-based superalloy processed by selective laser melting (SLM) both before and after heat treatment was systematically investigated. The heat treatment process involved a two-step aging at 720 °C for 8 h plus 620 °C for 10 h with a controlled slow cooling rate of 10 °C/min. Through the comprehensive use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the evolution of the microstructure and its mechanism of influence on material properties were revealed. The study identified the formation of γ phase, γ′ phase, γ'' phase, δ phase, and Laves phase during the SLM forming process. Heat treatment played a key role in improving the microstructure and properties of the SLM-processed alloy, with experimental results showing that the mechanical performance and high-temperature oxidation resistance were significantly enhanced after heat treatment. Specifically, the material after heat treatment exhibited a yield strength of 1472 MPa, a tensile strength of 1608 MPa, and an elongation of 9.2%, which represented increases of 76.5%, 38.4%, and 16.5% respectively, compared to the as-printed alloy. Moreover, the oxidation resistance at 1000 °C of the heat-treated samples improved significantly, with weight loss reduced from −0.17 mg/cm2 before heat treatment to −0.15 mg/cm2. Microstructural analysis further indicated that heat treatment optimized the crystal orientation, promoted the formation of more precipitated phases and reduced defects, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the material. This work provides significant scientific insights into understanding and optimizing the IN718 nickel-based superalloy processed by SLM, demonstrating the crucial role of heat treatment in improving its microstructure and properties

Preparation, Characterization, and High-Temperature Anti-Seizing Application of CrAlN-Based Gradient Multilayer Coatings

High-temperature fasteners are metal parts of gas turbines and steam turbines, which work at high temperatures and under stress for a long time. However, the frequent seizures of fasteners bring great trouble to the normal maintenance of power plants. In this paper, three kinds of dense and controllable CrAlN-based gradient multilayer coatings were prepared on the samples and screws by arc ion plating (AIP) technology. The morphology, composition, structure, nano hardness, adhesion, residual stress, and room temperature tribological performance of the coating were investigated. To evaluate the high-temperature, anti-seizing performance, coated screws were heated to 700 °C for 140 h with a torque of 20 N·m. The results indicate that the CrN/CrAlN multilayer coating shows better comprehensive properties. The characterization of coated screws proved that the coating structures obtained on the screws were similar to the flat samples. However, the as-prepared coating on the screws showed different thickness variation rules, which was related to the clamping method, deposition distance, and screw shape. After a simulation service, the thread of the screw remained intact with similar structure and thinner thickness. The above results indicate that the high-temperature seize prevention of fasteners can be successfully achieved by preparing a CrAlN-based multilayer coating, which is suitable for fasteners with service temperatures below 700 °C