WizardLM: Empowering Large Language Models to Follow Complex Instructions

Training large language models (LLM) with open-domain instruction following data brings colossal success. However, manually creating such instruction data is very time-consuming and labor-intensive. Moreover, humans may struggle to produce high-complexity instructions. In this paper, we show an avenue for creating large amounts of instruction data with varying levels of complexity using LLM instead of humans. Starting with an initial set of instructions, we use our proposed Evol-Instruct to rewrite them step by step into more complex instructions. Then, we mix all generated instruction data to fine-tune LLaMA. We call the resulting model WizardLM. Human evaluations on a complexity-balanced test bed show that instructions from Evol-Instruct are superior to human-created ones. By analyzing the human evaluation results of the high complexity part, we demonstrate that outputs from our WizardLM model are preferred to outputs from OpenAI ChatGPT. Even though WizardLM still lags behind ChatGPT in some aspects, our findings suggest that fine-tuning with AI-evolved instructions is a promising direction for enhancing large language models. Our codes and generated data are public at https://github.com/nlpxucan/WizardLMComment: large language model, instruction fine-tun

Research on evaluation method of water resources carrying capacity based on improved TOPSIS model

Based on the improved TOPSIS model, water resources carrying capacity research is carried out. On the basis of constructing a water resources evaluation index system, the weights are introduced from the traditionally constructed index matrix into the Euclidean distance of the TOPSIS model through subjective and objective weighting. When the ideal solution distance is the same, the larger weighted index corresponds to the greater water resources carrying capacity. The improved TOPSIS model is used to evaluate the water resources carrying. Taking Jinzhou as an example, we determine the advantages of water resources carrying capacity and the influencing factors of the short board in this area. The proposed method has certain theoretical and practical significance

Overview of Physical Characteristics of Deep-sea Polymetallic Nodules and the Effects on Mining and Transportation Processes

This study aimed at determining the physical characteristics of deep-sea polymetallic nodules and analyzing their influence on the mining and transportation process, so as to guide engineering applications. This work summarized the latest progress of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules, through the statistics and regression analysis of available data, the formation mechanism of polymetallic nodules and the main composition, the distribution characteristics on the sea floor, the morphology and structure, the relationship between size and weight, water content, density, pore characteristics, the strength and other key physical properties were determined. The study indicated that the polymetallic nodules were of various shapes, and it was loose and porous, the water content was high, and they were approximately uniformly distributed on the seabed or in shallow mud. The joint probability distribution of particle mass and size had a long right tail, more generalized joint probability density function of copula should be used in accurately modeling. Besides, the tensile strength of nodule decreased logarithmically with the increase of nodule diameter. In addition, the mining of nodules in deep-sea high-pressure environment required more energy consumption, and the nodules exhibited higher ductility. Combined with the theory of solid-liquid two-phase flow analysis and particle settlement theory, the influence of main parameters such as shape, size and density of nodules on the hydraulic lifting process was analyzed, the main way and law of particle fragmentation were determined, and the possible causes of blockage caused by transportation with different particle sizes were summarized

Evaluation of water resources carrying capacity based on cultivated land and urban construction scale -- a case study of Jinzhou City

Water resources play an important role in the natural environment, which is an irreplaceable resource for the survival and development of human society. Taking water resources as the research object, combined with the demand of social and economic development for water resources, this paper carried out the research on the evaluation method of cultivated land scale and urban construction scale under the constraints of water resources in Jinzhou. The results show that: the scale of cultivated land is 7215.98-7843.20km2, which is in surplus. Heishan County has the largest scale of cultivated land and Guta District has the smallest scale of cultivated land. The urban construction land scale is 229.89-279.02 km2, which is in surplus. Taihe District and Yixian County are overloaded, and the rest are surplus. The evaluation results can support the determination and decomposition of planning objectives and indicators, and provide an important scientific basis for the implementation of local land spatial planning

Method for extraction of airborne LiDAR point cloud buildings based on segmentation.

The LiDAR technology is a means of urban 3D modeling in recent years, and the extraction of buildings is a key step in urban 3D modeling. In view of the complexity of most airborne LiDAR building point cloud extraction algorithms that need to combine multiple feature parameters, this study proposes a building point cloud extraction method based on the combination of the Point Cloud Library (PCL) region growth segmentation and the histogram. The filtered LiDAR point cloud is segmented by using the PCL region growth method, and then the local normal vector and direction cosine are calculated for each cluster after segmentation. Finally, the histogram is generated to effectively separate the building point cloud from the non-building.Two sets of airborne LiDAR data in the south and west parts of Tokushima, Japan, are used to test the feasibility of the proposed method. The results are compared with those of the commercial software TerraSolid and the K-means algorithm. Results show that the proposed extraction algorithm has lower type I and II errors and better extraction effect than that of the TerraSolid and the K-means algorithm

Probing the characteristics of mono- or bimetallic (iron or cobalt) complexes bearing 2,4-bis(6-iminopyridin-2-yl)-3 H-benzazepines: Synthesis, characterization, and ethylene reactivity

A series of 2,4-bis(6-iminopyridin-2-yl)-3H-benzazepines and the mono- or bimetallic (Fe2+ or Co2+) complexes thereof were synthesized and characterized. All title complexes, when activated by MAO or MMAO, exhibited high activities of up to 4.0 × 107 g (mol of Fe)-1 h-1 for ethylene oligomerization and polymerization. The iron(II) precatalysts generally showed higher activities and produced a wider distribution of products (including oligomers and polyethylene) than did their corresponding cobalt(II) analogues. The bimetallic precatalysts exhibited higher (almost twice) activities in comparison to their monometallic analogues. The distribution of the resulting oligomers closely resembled the Schultz-Flory rule. © 2013 American Chemical Society

First-principles studies in Mg-based hydrogen storage Materials: A review

Hydrogen storage efficiency is essential for a booming clean hydrogen energy economy. Mg-based hydrogen storage materials have been intensively investigated due to their advantages of high theoretical storage capacity, satisfactory reversibility and natural abundance. However, the high thermal stability of Mg–H bonds leads to a high dehydrogenation temperature and sluggish kinetics. The construction of models for examining the interactions of hydrogen with Mg(MgH2) and the catalytic mechanism of catalyst additives is important. Therefore, this paper reviews recent advances in modelling and focuses on first-principles calculation applications in hydrogen adsorption, dissociation and diffusion energy calculations on Mg(0001) and high indexed Mg(103) surfaces with element doping, strain and alloy additives. The applications of first-principles calculations on the particle size and dehydrogenation of MgH2 are also reviewed

Identification and expression analysis of YABBY family genes in Platycodon grandiflorus

Platycodon grandiflorus set ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant with broad prospects for further application development. However, there are no reports on the YABBY transcription factor in P. grandiflorus. Identification and analysis of the YABBY gene family of P. grandiflorus using bioinformatics means. Six YABBY genes were identified and divided into five subgroups. Transcriptome data and qRT-PCR were used to analyze the expression patterns of YABBY. YABBY genes exhibited organ-specific patterns in expression in P grandiflorus. Upon salt stress and drought induction, P. grandiflorus presented different morphological and physiological changes with some dynamic changes. Under salt treatment, the YABBY gene family was down-regulated; PgYABBY5 was up-regulated in leaves at 24 h. In drought treatment, PgYABBY1, PgYABBY2, and PgYABBY3 were down-regulated to varying degrees, but PgYABBY3 was significantly up-regulated in the roots. PgYABBY5 was up-regulated gradually after being down-regulated. PgYABBY5 was significantly up-regulated in stem and leaf at 48 h. PgYABBY6 was down-regulated at first and then significantly up-regulated. The dynamic changes of salt stress and drought stress can be regarded as the responses of plants to resist damage. During the whole process of salt and drought stress treatment, the protein content of each tissue part of P grandiflorus changed continuously. At the same time, we found that the promoter region of the PgYABBY gene contains stress-resistant elements, and the regulatory role of YABBY transcription factor in the anti-stress mechanism of P grandiflorus remains to be studied. PgYABBY1, PgYABBY2, and PgYABBY5 may be involved in the regulation of saponins in P. grandiflorus. PgYABBY5 may be involved in the drought resistance mechanism in P. grandiflorus stems and leaves. This study may provide a theoretical basis for studying the regulation of terpenoids by the YABBY transcription factor and its resistance to abiotic stress