Numerical simulations of winds driven by radiation force from the corona above a thin disk

Observations show that winds can be driven from the innermost region (inside a 50 Schwarschild radius) of a thin disk. It is interesting to study the winds launched from the innermost region. A hot corona above the black hole (BH) thin disk is irradiated by the disk. We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to study the winds driven by radiation force from the corona in the innermost regions. The hard X-ray spectrum from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) suggests that the corona temperature is about $10^9$ K, so that we mainly analyze the properties of winds (or outflows) from the $10^9$ K corona. The disk luminosity plays an important role in driving the outflows. The more luminous the disk, the stronger the outflows. Mass outflow rate ($\dot{M}_{\rm out}$) at a 90 Schwarschild radius depends on disk luminosity, which can be described as $\dot{M}_{\rm out}\propto 10^{3.3 \Gamma}$ ($\Gamma$ is the ratio of the disk luminosity to the Eddington luminosity). In the case of high luminosity (e.g. $\Gamma=0.75$), the supersonic outflows with maximum speed $1.0 \times 10^4$ Km s$^{-1}$ are launched at $\sim17^{o}$ --$30^{o}$ and $\sim50^{o}$ --$80^{o}$ away from the pole axis. The Bernoulli parameter keeps increasing with the outward propagation of outflows. The radiation force keeps accelerating the outflows when outflows move outward. Therefore, we can expect the outflows to escape from the BH gravity and go to the galactic scale. The interaction between outflows and interstellar medium may be an important AGN feedback process.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Lower Bound of Concurrence Based on Positive Maps

We study the concurrence of arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum systems. An explicit analytical lower bound of concurrence is obtained, which detects entanglement for some quantum states better than some well-known separability criteria, and improves the lower bounds such as from the PPT, realignment criteria and the Breuer's entanglement witness.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figur

3-Amino-4,6-dimethyl­thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C10H9N3S, is almost planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.38 (4)° between the thio­phene and pyridine rings. In the crystal packing, mol­ecules are linked into layers parallel to the ab plane by inter­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and by π⋯π stacking inter­actions involving adjacent pyridine and thio­phene rings with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.537 (3) Å

A Monitoring System for Vegetable Greenhouses based on a Wireless Sensor Network

A wireless sensor network-based automatic monitoring system is designed for monitoring the life conditions of greenhouse vegetatables. The complete system architecture includes a group of sensor nodes, a base station, and an internet data center. For the design of wireless sensor node, the JN5139 micro-processor is adopted as the core component and the Zigbee protocol is used for wireless communication between nodes. With an ARM7 microprocessor and embedded ZKOS operating system, a proprietary gateway node is developed to achieve data influx, screen display, system configuration and GPRS based remote data forwarding. Through a Client/Server mode the management software for remote data center achieves real-time data distribution and time-series analysis. Besides, a GSM-short-message-based interface is developed for sending real-time environmental measurements, and for alarming when a measurement is beyond some pre-defined threshold. The whole system has been tested for over one year and satisfactory results have been observed, which indicate that this system is very useful for greenhouse environment monitoring

Numerical Investigation on Primary Atomization Mechanism of Hollow Cone Swirling Sprays

The atomization process of swirling sprays in gas turbine engines has been investigated using a LES-VOF model. With fine grid resolution, the ligament and droplet formation processes are captured in detail. The spray structure of fully developed sprays and the flow field are observed firstly. A central recirculation zone is generated inside the hollow cone section due to the entrainment of air by the liquid sheet and strong turbulent structures promote the breakup of ligaments. At the exit of injector nozzle, surface instability occurs due to disturbance factors. Axial and transverse mode instabilities produce a net-like structure ligament zone. Finally, the generation mechanism of the droplet is analyzed. It is found that the breakup mechanism of ligaments is located at the Raleigh capillary region. Axial symmetry oscillation occurs due to the surface tension force and the capillary waves pinch off from the neck of the ligaments. Secondary breakup and coalescence occur at the “droplet zone,” resulting in a wider distribution curve at the downstream area

Isolation of nematicidal constituents from essential oil of Kaempferia galanga L rhizome and their activity against Heterodera avenae Wollenweber

Purpose: To explore the nematicidal activities of the essential oil of Kaempferia galanga rhizomes and its isolated constituents against Heterodera avenae.Methods: Essential oil of K. galanga rhizomes was obtained by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis using HP-5MS column. Evaluation of nematicidal toxicity was performed against juveniles (J2) of H. avenae. The bioactive constituent compounds were isolated and identified from the oil based on bioactivity-directed fractionation.Results: Forty-one components were identified and the main components of the essential oil of K. galanga are as follows: ethyl-ρ-methoxy cinnamate (34.79 %), ethyl cinnamate (20.72%), 1,8-cineole (8.96 %), trans-cinnamaldehyde (7.03%) and borneol (5.64 %). The essential oil exhibited nematicidal activity against the cereal cyst nematode with an LC50 value of 91.78 μg/mL. Ethyl cinnamate, ethyl ρ-methoxy cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde (median lethal concentration LC50 = 100.60 μg/ml, 83.04 μg/mL and 94.75 μg/mL, respectively) exhibited stronger nematicidal toxicity than borneol (LC50 = 734.89 μg/mL) and 1,8-cineole (LC50 = 921.21 μg/mL) against the cereal cyst nematode.Conclusion: The results indicate that the essential oil of K. galanga and its isolated constituents have a potential for development into natural nematicides for the control of cereal cyst nematodes.Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, Heterodera avenae, Nematicidal activity, Cereal cyst nematodes, Ethyl cinnamate, Ethyl ρ-methoxy cinnamate, Trans-cinnamaldehyd

Gender-specific association of MSA2756G with hypertension in patients attending a health facility in Ningxia Province, China

Purpose: To investigate the distribution of methionine synthase A2756G (MSA2756G) in the hypertensive patients in northwest Chinese population.Methods: A total of 378 unrelated hypertensive patients attending Ningxia Peoples Hospital, Ningxia Province, China, were recruited for this study. We analyzed genotype by amplication - created restriction sites (ACRS) and polymerase chain reaction - restrict fragment length polymorphism (PCR - RFLP) in hypertensive patients, and inspected the relation of the genotype with hypertension by χ2 and t test.Results: The frequency of G allele was 10.25 % in the control group and 14.04 % in hypertension group; it was not statistically different (p > 0.05). In the male group, the frequency of allele G was 11.50 % in control group, and 8.79 % in hypertension group. There was no significant difference between control and hypertension groups (p > 0.05). In the female group, the frequency of allele G was 9.00 %, in control and 19.54 % in hypertension group (p < 0.05), while in the hypertension group, allele G was 8.79 % in males which is significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in females (19.54 %) .Conclusion: Allele G of MSA2756G is a risk factor for hypertension in female in this Chinese population of this study.Keywords: Hypertension, Methionine synthase, Polymorphism, Gender, Amplification-created restriction sites, Allele G, MSA2756