ZAKULISOWE MACHINACJE I TRANSFORMACJE: CHIŃSKO-KOREAŃSKA DYPLOMACJA I WALKI POLITYCZNE W LATACH 1597-1599

Embodying an optimistic diplomatic mind in early Joseon Dynasty, haidongzhuguoji written by Shin Suk-ju became a main evidence of Chinese official Ding Yingtai impeaching Joseon in the Jeongyu War occurring in 1597 because of Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s second invasion. Ding Yingtai’s impeachment involved Joseon’s king, Chinese generals in Joseon and officials in Beijing in a political maelstrom, which aroused strong reactions of Joseon king and ministers. In this situation, Joseon’s diplomatic corps were dispatched to Beijing in order to justify and defend. They made preparations and took action zealously, winning the final victory and achieving the goal consequently. However, this book-diplomacy surpassed the problem of justifying a book, thus there were some complicated and subtle meanings in the process. Firstly, This book-diplomacy provided a touchstone of Sino-Korean relationship in Ming Dynasty, explaining the political essence of the relationship. Secondly, This diplomacy resulted from Ming Dynasty’s political fights and calmed down also because of Ming Dynasty’s political fights, intensively showing both Sino-Korean interdependent political fights and each liege fights. Thirdly, The book-diplomacy became an important turning point of the transformation of Joseon’s foreign concept, and Joseon’s “Smaller China” mind began to emphasize excluding barbarians, which made an idealistic preparation for the rising “Smaller China” mind in Qing Dynasty.신숙주의 『해동제국기』는 조선 전기의 낙관적 대외관념을 잘 드러낸다. 그러나 도요토미 히데요시가 재차 조선을 침략한 정유재란 시기에 이 책은 명나라 관원 정응태가 조선을 책망하게 되는 주요한 근거가 되며, 이로 인해 조선의 왕과 신하, 정벌군 장군, 북경 관원 모두가 정치적 소용돌이 속으로 휘말려 들어가게 된다. 정응태의 책망은 조선 왕과 신하들의 격렬한 반응을 야기시켰고, 이런 상황 가운데 조선은 변론과 해명을 위해 북경에 사신을 파견하였다. 조선 사신은 북경에서 적극적으로 계획하고 행동하여 결국 외교적 승리를 얻어냈다. 그러나 금번의 서적 외교는 이미 서적에 대해 해명하는 문제를 넘어서고 있었으며, 복잡하면서도 미묘한 의미를 내포하는 것이었다. 첫째, 금번 서적 외교는 중국과 한국이 종주국과 속국의 관계라는 것을 검증하는 데에 있어서 시금석이 되는 것으로, 양국관계에서 정치관계의 본성을 보여주었다. 둘째, 금번 서적 외교는 명조와 조선의 당쟁에서 비롯되었고 마지막에도 명조와 조선의 당쟁으로 말미암아 해결되었는데, 이때 양국 상호간에 얽혀있는 당쟁 및 군신 간의 투쟁이 드러났다. 셋째, 금번 서적 외교는 조선의 대외 관념에 있어서 중요한 전환점이 되었는데, 조선의 ‘소중화’ 의식에서 ‘양이’관념이 강조되기 시작하였고, 이는 청대에 고조하게 되는 조선의 ‘소중화’ 의식의 사상적 준비기가 되었다고 볼 수 있다.Artykuł dotyczy sytuacji politycznej w Korei Jeongyu podczas wojny, która wybuchła w 1597. Korpus dyplomatyczny Korei został wysłany do Pekinu w celu negocjacji i ochrony kraju. Dyplomaci przygotowywali się do rozmów gorliwie, osiągając ostateczne zwycięstwo i zamierzony cel. Książka o dyplomacji haidongzhuguoji zawiera pewne skomplikowane i subtelne znaczenie. Po pierwsze, ta książka dyplomatyczna stanowiła fundament stosunków chińsko-koreańskich za czasów dynastii Ming, wyjaśniając polityczną istotę związków pomiędzy krajami. Po drugie, stosunki dyplomatyczne wynikały z walk politycznych za czasów dynastii Ming, wyraźnie pokazując chińsko-koreańskie współzawodnictwo polityczne. Po trzecie, książka stała się ważnym punktem zwrotnym transformacji koncepcji polityki zagranicznej Korei

Elevated MTSS1 Expression Associated with Metastasis and Poor Prognosis of Residual Hepatitis B-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatectomy generally offers the best chance of long-term survival for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Many studies have shown that hepatectomy accelerates tumor metastasis, but the mechanism remains unclear. Methods: An orthotopic nude mice model with palliative HCC hepatectomy was performed in this study. Metastasis-related genes in tumor following resection were screened; HCC invasion, metastasis, and some molecular alterations were examined in vivo and in vitro. Clinical significance of key gene mRNA expression was also analyzed

Mutation breeding of Bacillus subtilis YTB4 with high yield of multienzyme complex

Helium-neon (He-Ne) laser irradiation is a highly efficient mutation breeding technology and is widely applied to various fields of biological science. Using Bacillus subtilis YTB4 with high yield of multienzyme complex as original strain, mutation breeding was carried out by He-Ne laser irradiation in this study. Based on the study of the strains’ survival rate and positive mutation frequency, the appropriate irradiation dose was determined. The mutant YTB4A was selected through see-through circle way and enzyme activity determination. Compared with the original strain the activities of cellulase, protease and amylase increased by 265.14, 35.42 and 172.78%, respectively. In addition, the hereditary stability test showed that the activities of multienzyme complex were stable and that there was no reverse mutation after 25 generations.Keywords: Bacillus subtilis, multienzyme complex, He-Ne laser, mutation, hereditary stabilit