Thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture of the torus-like black hole

After studying the energy-momentum relation of charged particles' Hamilton-Jacobi equations, we discuss the laws of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in torus-like black holes. We find that both the first law of thermodynamic as well as the weak cosmic censorship conjecture are valid in both the normal phase space and extended phase space. However, the second law of thermodynamics is only valid in the normal phase space. Our results show that the first law and weak cosmic censorship conjecture do not depend on the phase spaces while the second law depends. What's more, we find that the shift of the metric function that determines the event horizon take the same form in different phase spaces, indicating that the weak cosmic censorship conjecture is independent of the phase space.Comment: 15 page

Holographic Einstein rings of Non-commutative black holes

With the help of the AdS/CFT correspondence, we easily derive the desired response function of QFT on the boundary. Using the virtual optical system with a convex lens, we are able to obtain the image of the black hole from the response function and further study the Einstein ring of the non-commutative black holes. All the results show that there are some common features and different features compared to the previous study of other background black holes. The common features include that the holographic ring always appears with the concentric stripe surrounded when the observer located at the north pole, and an extremely bright ring when the observer is at the position of the photon sphere of the black hole. And with the change of the observation position, this ring will change into a luminosity-deformed ring, or light points. In addition to these similarities, there are some different features which are due to the singularity of the event horizon temperature. Explicitly, the relation between temperature and the event horizon $T-z_h$ has two branches when the non-commutative parameter $n$ is fixed. These in turn have an effect on the behavior of the response function and the Einstein ring. For example, the amplitude of the response function $|\langle O\rangle|$ increases with the decrease of the non-commutative strength parameter $n$ for both two branches of $T-n$ relation. However, the amplitude of $|\langle O\rangle|$ increases with the decrease of the temperature $T$ for the left branch of $T-z_h$ relation, while the amplitude of $|\langle O\rangle|$ decreases with the decrease of the temperature $T$ for the right branch. These differences are also reflected in the Einstein ring. Therefore, these differences can be used to distinguish different black hole backgrounds. Furthermore, we show that the non-commutative parameter has an effect on the brightness and the position of Einstein ring.Comment: revised version. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2307.01973; text overlap with arXiv:1811.12617, arXiv:1906.09113 by other author

Holographic Einstein Rings of an AdS Black Hole in Massive Gravity

In the context of holography, the Einstein ring of an AdS black hole (BH) in massive gravity (MG) is depicted. An oscillating Gaussian source on one side of the AdS boundary propagates in bulk, and we impose a response function to explain it. Using a wave optics imaging system, we obtain the optical appearance of the Einstein ring. Our research reveals that the ring can change into a luminosity-deformed ring or light spots depending on the variation of parameters and observational positions. When observers are positioned at the north pole, the holographic profiles always appear as a ring with concentric stripe surroundings, and a bright ring appears at the location of the photon sphere of the BH. These findings are consistent with the radius of the photon sphere of the BH, which is calculated in geometrical optics. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the analytical studies of holographic theory, which can be used to evaluate different types of BHs for a fixed wave source and optical system.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figure

Anti-endometriotic effect of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels extract in human endometriotic cells and rats

Purpose: To study the anti-endometriotic effect of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels extract (ASDE) in human endometriotic cells and rats.Method: Forty female rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats/group): control, endometriosis+danazol, endometriosis+high dose of ASDE and low dose of ASDE. The rats were orally administered either vehicle (200 μL of PBS) alone or ASDE (140, 280 and 560 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. Danazol was used as the control drug. After induction of endometriosis for 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the peritoneum and visceral organs examined visually to measure the number of endometriotic lesions. Serum levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) and interleukin 13 (IL-13), interleukin 18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) of peritoneal fluids of rats were measured using ELISA kits. Western blot assay was performed to measure the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)  expressions after 24 h of treatment with ASDE (30, 60, and 120 μg/mL).Results: ASDE-treated rats displayed reduced numbers of total endometriotic lesions when compared with vehicle-treated controls (p < 0.01). When the rats were treated with high dose of ASDE, serum CA-125 level, as well as IL-18 and TNF-α levels in peritoneal fluids were significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.01); however, IL-13 level in peritoneal fluids was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). ASDE treatment significantly suppressed the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in 11Z cell (p < 0.01).Conclusion: The results reveal that ASDE exhibits significant anti-endometriotic effect by inhibiting inflammatory factors in rats. Thus, the plant extract can potentially be developed for the clinical management of endometriosis. Keywords: Angelica sinensis, Endometriosis, Cancer antigen, Endometriotic lesions, Matrix metalloproteinas

Toenail and blood selenium mediated regulation of thyroid dysfunction through immune cells: a mediation Mendelian randomization analysis

PurposeSpecific nutrients found in food, such as minerals, antioxidants, and macronutrients, have a significant impact on immune function and human health. However, there is currently limited research exploring the relationship between specific nutrients, immune system function, and thyroid dysfunction commonly observed in autoimmune thyroid diseases, which manifest predominantly as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the connections between dietary traits and thyroid dysfunction, as well as the potential mediating role of immune cells, using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.MethodsThe two-step MR analysis used single-nucleotide polymorphisms as instruments, with a threshold of p < 5e−08 for nutrients and thyroid dysfunction, and p < 5e−06 for immune cells. Data from different GWAS databases and UK Biobank were combined to analyze 8 antioxidants and 7 minerals, while the data for 4 macronutrients came from a cohort of 235,000 individuals of European. The outcome data (hypothyroidism, N = 3340; hyperthyroidism, N = 1840; free thyroxin [FT4], N = 49,269; thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], N = 54,288) were source from the ThyroidOmics consortium. Immune trait data, including 731 immune phenotypes, were collected from the GWAS catalog.ResultsThe results revealed that nutrient changes, such as lycopene, toenail and blood selenium, and α-tocopherol, impacted the immune system. Immune cells also affected thyroid function, with cDC cells promoting hypothyroidism and median fluorescence intensity (MFI) phenotypes correlating strongly with FT4 levels. Toenail and blood selenium reduce the relative cell counts (RCC) phenotypes of immune cells (CD62L− plasmacytoid DC %DC and transitional B cells %Lymphocyte), thereby diminishing its promoting effect on hypothyroidis. Furthermore, toenail and blood selenium mainly impacted phenotypes in three types of T cells (CD25 + ⁣ + CD8br, CD3 on CD45RA− CD4+, and CD45RA on Terminally Differentiated CD8br), reinforcing the negative regulation of FT4 levels.ConclusionThe role of immune cells as mediators in the relationship between nutrients and thyroid dysfunction highlights their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic markers. Toenail and blood selenium levels can indirectly impact hypothyroidism by influencing the RCC levels of two types of immune cells, and can indirectly affect FT4 levels by influencing three types of T cells