Comparisons between the reference and modeled fractions.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Vegetation fraction scatter plot for 2010, (<b>b</b>) vegetation fraction residuals for 2010, (<b>c</b>) vegetation fraction scatter plot for 2002, and (<b>d</b>) vegetation fraction residuals for 2002. Perfect agreement, represented by the 1∶1 line, is displayed in the scatter plots. The best-fit line is displayed in the residual plots to indicate the general trends of overestimation and underestimation.</p

A map of the study area, i.e., Hangzhou city proper.

<p>A map of the study area, i.e., Hangzhou city proper.</p

Concentric vegetation coverage analysis in each belt for each year.

<p>(a) Average vegetation fraction (AVF), (b) percentage of area of high coverage pixels, (c) percentage of area of middle-high coverage pixels, (d) percentage of area of middle coverage pixels, and (e) percentage of area of low coverage pixels.</p

Spatial characteristics of the vegetation fraction change from the urban center over the two periods.

<p>(a) 1990–2002 and (b) 2002–2010. The vegetation change categories are shown by the different colors in the legend.</p

FAD-induced cell death in breast cancer cells is mediates by ER stress.

<p>(A) The western blot analyzed the level of GRP78 in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with indicated concentration of FAD for 24 hours; (B-D) The western blot analyzed the level of GRP78 in MDA-MB-231(B), MDA-MB-468 (C) and SKBR3 (D) cells treated with 6 uM of FAD for indicated time; (E) RT-PCR analyzed the level of splicing XBP1 and CHOP in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with indicated concentration of FAD for 24 hours; (F) RT-PCR analyzed the level of splicing XBP1 and CHOP in MDA-MB-468 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD for indicated time; (G) RT-PCR analyzed the level of splicing XBP1 and CHOP in MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A cells treated with 6 uM of FAD for indicated time; (H) RT-PCR analyzed the level of splicing XBP1 and CHOP in SKBR3 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD for indicated time; (I) The western blot analyzed the level of GRP78 in MDA-MB-231 knockdown and GRP78 overexpression cells; (J) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 shGRP78 knockdown and GRP78 overexpression cells was measured by Annexin V and PI assay with or without FAD; (K) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD with or without 10 ug/ml of cycloheximide (CHX); (L) RT-PCR analyzed the level of splicing XBP1 and CHOP in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with or without 6 uM of FAD in the presence or absence of CHX. The data were collected from at least three independent experiments. Values are presented as mean ± S.D. **p<0.01.</p

Total percent vegetated area and changes from 1990 to 2010 for the study area and the two scenic spots.

<p>TPVA is the total percent of vegetated area, XNWP is the Xixi National Wetland Park, and WLSS is the West Lake Scenic Spots.</p><p>Total percent vegetated area and changes from 1990 to 2010 for the study area and the two scenic spots.</p

FAD preferentially induced cell death in breast cancer cells.

<p>(A-C) Cell viability of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 (A), MDA-MB-468 (B) and breast normal cell MCF-10A (C) was measured by MTT assay in the presence of FAD in the indicated concentrations; (D-G) Cell death of breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 (D), MDA-MB-468 (E), SKBR3 (F) and breast normal cell MCF-10A (G) was measured by Annexin V and PI assay with or without FAD. The data were collected from at least three independent experiments. Values are presented as mean ± S.D. **p<0.01.</p

Autophagy contributes to FAD-induced cell death in breast cancer cells.

<p>(A) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD with or without 100 uM of Z-VAD-fmk (Z-VAD); (B) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD with or without 40 uM of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1); (C-E) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 (C), MDA-MB-468 (D) and SKBR3 (E) cells treated with 6 uM of FAD with or without 20 uM of chloroquine (CQ); (F) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 6 uM of FAD with or without 5 mM of 3-methyladenine (3-MA); (G) and (H) The western blot analyzed the level of LC3A/B-II/I in the presence of 6 uM FAD for indicated hours in MDA-MB-231 (G), MDA-MB-468 and SKBR3 (H) cells. The level of β-Actin was served as a loading control; (I) The calculated relative ratio of LC3A/B-II/I in breast cancer cells basing on band intensity. The data were collected from at least three independent experiments; (J) Sequence analysis of indel mutations in targeted regions of Atg3 locus in MDA-MB-231 cell clones. sgRNA sequences is shown in light gray shadow and the PAM sequence is in dark gray shadow. Deleted sequence is shown in dashed line; (K) The western blot analyzed the level of ATG3 in single Atg3 CRISPR clones with wild type (WT) and empty vector targeted (gV) cells as controls; (L) The western blot analyzed the level of LC3A/B-II/I in the presence of 6 uM FAD for indicated hours in Atg3 CRISPR clones. The level of β-Actin was served as a loading control; (M) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 wild type cells and Atg3 CRISPR clones was measured by Annexin V and PI assay with or without FAD. The data were collected from at least three independent experiments. Values are presented as mean ± S.D. **p<0.01.</p

RGB color composite using vegetation fraction maps of 1990 (R), 2002 (G) and 2010 (B).

<p>The typical examples demonstrated are (a) the study area, (b) Xixi National Wetland Park, (c) the urban center, (d) residential communities and (e) the Xiasha suburban college town. Colors for the typical compositions of the vegetation fractions on the three dates are illustrated. H represents high vegetation fraction and L represents low vegetation fraction.</p

FAD shows synergistic effect with 5-FU and Bortezomib in killing breast cancer cells.

<p>(A) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 0, 10, 25, 50 and 100 uM of 5-FU was measured by Annexin V and PI assay with or without 1 uM of FAD; (B) Cell death of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 nM of Bortezomib (BZR) was measured by Annexin V and PI assay with or without 1 uM of FAD. The data were collected from at least three independent experiments. Values are presented as mean ± S.D. **p<0.01.</p