The sustainability of rice‐crayfish coculture systems: a mini review of evidence from Jianghan plain in China

BACKGROUND Rice‐crayfish coculture (RC) uses 10% of the paddy field area for crayfish ditches, with rice cultivated in the remaining area, providing staple carbohydrates alongside fish rich in protein and essential oils. These systems rely on complex interactions, involving nutrient cycling, fish feeding, soil physicochemical modification, and insect‐pest predation, and have important socio‐economic effects. Past studies have considered only one or a few of these aspects pertinent to food system sustainability, and there remains a need for an integrated assessment of RC systems. In this mini‐review, we collate data from two field experiments and three field surveys published across eight papers to synthesize the overall sustainability of RC systems in Jianghan Plain in China. RESULTS In deep groundwater fields, the RC rice yield was 30–55% lower than for typical rice‐rapeseed (RR) rotations, while CH4 emission and pesticide use were 41–96% and 50% lower, respectively. In shallow groundwater fields, RC rice yield was similar to typical rice monoculture (RM) cultivation, while CH4 emission and pesticide use were 28–41% and 17% lower for RC cultivation. Field survey data indicated that RC can improve soil nutrient and organic matter content significantly compared with RM cultivation, and also increase the diversity of fauna and flora in the paddy field whilst reducing the incidence of chilo suppressalis (a major rice pest). Feed inputs to RC systems increased crayfish yield by 31–71% and reduced the fraction of N inputs lost to the environment from 71% to 41%. CONCLUSION We conclude that RC systems with feed inputs in areas with shallow groundwater can deliver improved food security, sustainability, and resilience through ecological intensification

CO Hydrogenation on Pd(111): Competition between Fischer–Tropsch and Oxygenate Synthesis Pathways

The hydrogenation of CO on Pd can lead to methane via the Fischer–Tropsch process and methanol via oxygenate synthesis. Despite the fact that the former is thermodynamically favored, the catalysis is mostly selective to the latter. Given the importance of methanol synthesis in both industry applications and fundamental understanding of heterogeneous catalysis, it is highly desirable to understand the mechanism and selectivity of CO hydrogenation on Pd catalysts. In this work, this process is studied on Pd(111) using periodic plane-wave density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The barriers and reaction energies for the methanol and methane formation are systematically explored. Our results suggest that methanol is formed via CO* → CHO* → HCOH* → CH₂OH* → CH₃OH*. The HCOH* and CH₂OH* intermediates, which feature a C–O single bond, were found to possess the lowest barriers for C–O bond fission, but they are still higher than those in methanol formation, thus confirming the kinetic origin of the experimentally observed selectivity of the Pd catalysts toward methanol

Additional file 1 of DNMT3L inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma progression through DNA methylation of CDO1: insights from big data to basic research

Additional file 1: Supplementary materials and methods

Table_1_Interventions to improve antiretroviral adherence in HIV-infected pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOCX

BackgroundMedication adherence in HIV-infected pregnant women remains suboptimal. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions on improving antiretroviral adherence targeting among HIV-infected pregnant women.MethodsFive databases were screened to identify quasi-experimental studies and randomized controlled trials. The risk ratios (RR) and confidential intervals (CI) were extracted to estimate the improvement in antiretroviral adherence after interventions compared with control conditions. This study was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42021256317.ResultsNine studies were included in the review, totaling 2,900 participants. Three interventions had significance: enhanced standard of care (eSOC, RR 1.14, 95%CI 1.07–1.22, Z = 3.79, P DiscussionThe study supported the eSOC and the device reminder as effective intervention strategies for improving HIV medication adherence. Based on the current findings, the study called for more efforts to improve antiretroviral care for pregnant women through involving multicenter, large-sample, and high-quality research and combining the device reminder with other intervention methods.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021256317, identifier CRD42021256317.</p

DataSheet_3_Chinese famine exposure in early life and metabolic obesity phenotype in middle age: Results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.pdf

ObjectiveTo assess the association between early life exposure to famine and the risk of metabolic obesity phenotypes among adults in middle age.MethodsThe study selected two comparison groups. Comparison A consisted of a non-exposed group born between 1963-1965 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 wave (N=862) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2011 wave (N=507). Comparison B consisted of an early childhood-exposed group born between 1955-1957 from the 2011 wave (N=830) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2015 wave (N=552). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to explore the associations between different periods of famine exposure and obesity, metabolic health status, and metabolic obesity phenotypes, with stratification by sex.ResultsCompared with the non-exposed group, participants exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.63-0.97) and a higher risk of metabolically unhealthy status (OR: 1.73, 95%CI: 1.34-2.23) and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.46-3.08) at the age of 50-52 years. In the sex-stratified analysis, males exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.43-0.80) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (OR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.37-0.85), while such associations were not found in females. Compared with the early childhood exposure group, participants in the fetal exposure group had a significantly lower risk of metabolic unhealthy status (OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.51-0.85) and MUNO (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.35-0.72). Those associations were observed in both males and females.ConclusionExposure to famine in early life increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy status in adulthood. Different metabolic subtypes should be identified at an early stage and followed by classification, intervention, and treatment.</p

Defect Engineering and Phase Junction Architecture of Wide-Bandgap ZnS for Conflicting Visible Light Activity in Photocatalytic H₂ Evolution

ZnS is among the superior photocatalysts for H₂ evolution, whereas the wide bandgap restricts its performance to only UV region. Herein, defect engineering and phase junction architecture from a controllable phase transformation enable ZnS to achieve the conflicting visible-light-driven activities for H₂ evolution. On the basis of first-principle density functional theory calculations, electron spin resonance and photoluminescence results, etc., it is initially proposed that the regulated sulfur vacancies in wurtzite phase of ZnS play the key role of photosensitization units for charge generation in visible light and active sites for effective electron utilization. The symbiotic sphalerite-wurtzite phase junctions that dominate the charge-transfer kinetics for photoexciton separation are the indispensable configuration in the present systems. Neither ZnS samples without phase junction nor those without enough sulfur vacancies conduct visible-light photocatalytic H₂ evolution, while the one with optimized phase junctions and maximum sulfur vacancies shows considerable photocatalytic activity. This work will not only contribute to the realization of visible light photocatalysis for wide-bandgap semiconductors but also broaden the vision on the design of highly efficient transition metal sulfide photocatalysts

DataSheet_2_Chinese famine exposure in early life and metabolic obesity phenotype in middle age: Results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.docx

ObjectiveTo assess the association between early life exposure to famine and the risk of metabolic obesity phenotypes among adults in middle age.MethodsThe study selected two comparison groups. Comparison A consisted of a non-exposed group born between 1963-1965 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 wave (N=862) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2011 wave (N=507). Comparison B consisted of an early childhood-exposed group born between 1955-1957 from the 2011 wave (N=830) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2015 wave (N=552). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to explore the associations between different periods of famine exposure and obesity, metabolic health status, and metabolic obesity phenotypes, with stratification by sex.ResultsCompared with the non-exposed group, participants exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.63-0.97) and a higher risk of metabolically unhealthy status (OR: 1.73, 95%CI: 1.34-2.23) and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.46-3.08) at the age of 50-52 years. In the sex-stratified analysis, males exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.43-0.80) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (OR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.37-0.85), while such associations were not found in females. Compared with the early childhood exposure group, participants in the fetal exposure group had a significantly lower risk of metabolic unhealthy status (OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.51-0.85) and MUNO (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.35-0.72). Those associations were observed in both males and females.ConclusionExposure to famine in early life increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy status in adulthood. Different metabolic subtypes should be identified at an early stage and followed by classification, intervention, and treatment.</p

DataSheet_1_Chinese famine exposure in early life and metabolic obesity phenotype in middle age: Results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.docx

ObjectiveTo assess the association between early life exposure to famine and the risk of metabolic obesity phenotypes among adults in middle age.MethodsThe study selected two comparison groups. Comparison A consisted of a non-exposed group born between 1963-1965 from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 wave (N=862) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2011 wave (N=507). Comparison B consisted of an early childhood-exposed group born between 1955-1957 from the 2011 wave (N=830) and a fetal-exposed group born between 1959-1961 from the 2015 wave (N=552). Multivariable logistic regressions were conducted to explore the associations between different periods of famine exposure and obesity, metabolic health status, and metabolic obesity phenotypes, with stratification by sex.ResultsCompared with the non-exposed group, participants exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.78, 95%CI: 0.63-0.97) and a higher risk of metabolically unhealthy status (OR: 1.73, 95%CI: 1.34-2.23) and metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUNO) (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 1.46-3.08) at the age of 50-52 years. In the sex-stratified analysis, males exposed to famine in the fetal period had a significantly lower risk of overweight/obesity (OR: 0.59, 95%CI: 0.43-0.80) and metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) (OR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.37-0.85), while such associations were not found in females. Compared with the early childhood exposure group, participants in the fetal exposure group had a significantly lower risk of metabolic unhealthy status (OR: 0.65, 95%CI: 0.51-0.85) and MUNO (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.35-0.72). Those associations were observed in both males and females.ConclusionExposure to famine in early life increased the risk of metabolically unhealthy status in adulthood. Different metabolic subtypes should be identified at an early stage and followed by classification, intervention, and treatment.</p