Global Infection Rate of Rotavirus C during 1980–2022 and Analysis of Critical Factors in the Host Range Restriction of Virus VP4

Information on rotavirus C (RVC) infection is lacking, partly because the prevalence of RVC among humans and animals worldwide is undefined. Data on the characteristics of the P genotype among RVC strains are also required. We performed systematic searches on the infection rates of RVC since 1980 based on the literature and gene sequences of the PubMed and GenBank databases. A phylogenetic tree of VP4 genes was constructed to evaluate the distribution of the P genotype of RVC from various hosts. The specific mutation motifs in VP8* with P [2]/P [4]/P [5] specificity were analyzed to elucidate their roles in host range restriction. The rate of RVC infection in humans has fallen from 3% before 2009 to 1%, whereas in animals it has risen from 10% to 25%. The P genotype of RVC showed strict host species specificity, and current human RVC infections are exclusively caused by genotype P [2]. In the VP8* hemagglutinin domain of the P [4]/P [5] genotype of swine RVC, specific insertion or deletion were found relative to the human P [2] genotype, and these motifs are a possible critical factor for host range restriction. Our findings highlight the need for further epidemiological surveillance, preventive strategies, and elucidation of the factors involved in the specific host range restriction of RVC-circulating strains

Outcomes for primary kidney transplantation from donation after Citizens’ death in China: a single center experience of 367 cases

Abstract Background The cases of donation after brain death followed by circulatory death (DBCD) and donation after cardiac death (DCD) have been increased year by year in China. Further research is needed to understand in the outcomes and risk factors of delayed graft function (DGF) in order to minimize the risk of DGF and ameliorate its potential impact on long-term outcomes. This study was to explore the differences in outcomes between DBCD and DCD transplant and the main risk factors for DGF in DBCD. Methods Retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 367donations after citizens’ death kidney transplant procedures (donors and recipients) between July 2012 and August 2015 at our center. Results During the study period, the donation success rate was 25.3%. 164 cases of DBCD and 35 cases of DCD had been implemented and 367 kidneys were transplanted. The incidence of DGF in DBCD group were significantly lower than that of DCD group (12.0% vs. 27.0%, p = 0.002). The 1-year percent freedom from acute rejection (AR) was significantly higher in DBCD group compared with it of DCD group (94% vs. 82%, p = 0.036). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the kidney transplants revealed that the high risk factors for DGF after renal transplantation in DBCD were history of hypertension (Odds Ratio [OR] = 5.88, 95% CI: 1.90 to 18.2, p = 0.002), low blood pressure (BP < 80 mmHg) (OR = 4.86, 95% CI: 1.58 to 14.9, p = 0.006) and serum creatinine of donor (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.16, p = 0.003) before donation. Conclusions The outcomes of DBCD could be better than DCD in DGF and AR. The main risk factors for DGF in DBCD kidney transplants are donors with a history of hypertension, low blood pressure, and serum creatinine of donor before donation

Combined Strategy of Endothelial Cells Coating, Sertoli Cells Coculture and Infusion Improves Vascularization and Rejection Protection of Islet Graft

<div><p>Improving islet graft revascularization and inhibiting rejection become crucial tasks for prolonging islet graft survival. Endothelial cells (ECs) are the basis of islet vascularization and Sertoli cells (SCs) have the talent to provide nutritional support and exert immunosuppressive effects. We construct a combined strategy of ECs coating in the presence of nutritious and immune factors supplied by SCs in a co-culture system to investigate the effect of vascularization and rejection inhibition for islet graft. In <i>vivo,</i> the combined strategy improved the survival and vascularization as well as inhibited lymphocytes and inflammatory cytokines. In <i>vitro,</i> we found the combinatorial strategy improved the function of islets and the effect of ECs-coating on islets. Combined strategy treated islets revealed higher levels of anti-apoptotic signal molecules (Bcl-2 and HSP-32), survival and function related molecules (PDX-1, Ki-67, ERK1/2 and Akt ) and demonstrated increased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (KDR) and angiogenesis signal molecules (FAk and PLC-γ). SCs effectively inhibited the activation of lymphocyte stimulated by islets and ECs. Predominantly immunosuppressive cytokines could be detected in culture supernatants of the SCs coculture group. These results suggest that ECs-coating and Sertoli cells co-culture or infusion synergistically enhance islet survival and function after transplantation.</p> </div

Combined strategy of ECs coating and SCs coculture improves insulin release stimulation index ranther than single treatment.

<p>The SI had no difference between control and ECs coated islets during 10 days culture. Islet or ECs coated islets had higher SI with SCs coculture. In two SCs co-culture groups the SI of ECs coated islets was superior to that of islets. * P<0.05 vs. group A and B, # P<0.05 vs. group C, n = 10.</p

Detection of insulin, vWF and mean microvessel densities (MVD) in grafts transplanted into renal subcapsule by immunohistochemistry.

<p>(A) In control group (islets only), the expression of insulin became undetectable 7 days after transplantation (magnification×100); (B, C) The grafts in groups B (ECs-coated islets) and C (SCs co-cultured islets), however, still had detectable islet graft secreting insulin under renal capsule 14 days after transplantation. (magnification×200). (D) In group D (ECs coated and SCs co-cultured islets), large number of insulin-positive grafts were observed 14 days after transplantation (magnification×200). (E). Quite a lot vWF positive ECs around islet were detected in group B 14 days after transplantation (magnification×200). (F) Only slight vWF positive ECs around islet in group C 14 days after transplantation (magnification×200). (G). There were the most vWF positive ECs around islets in group D 14 days after transplantation (magnification×200). (H) The MVD in grafts of groups B and B were significantly higher than those in groups A and C from 3 to 14 days after transplantation. The MVD in group D was significantly higher than that in group B at 7 and 14 days post-transplantation respectively. * P<0.05 vs. group A and C, #P<0.05 vs. group B, n = 10.</p

The effects of different treatments on the expressions of survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis related signal proteins.

<p>Western blot analysis investigated the control of survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis related signal induction of ECs coated and SCs co-cultured islets. Single treatment of ECs coating or SCs co-culture both had effect on expressions of some signal proteins. Combined strategy better improved survival, proliferation, and angiogenesis related signal proteins expression. Signals were densitometrically assessed and normalized to the β-actin signals as loading controls. * P<0.05 vs. group A, ∧ P<0.05 vs. group B, # P<0.05 vs. group C, n = 10.</p

Improvement of SCs co-culture to the effect of ECs coating islets.

<p>Immunofluorescence showed that nearly no vWF positive ECs were detected around islets in control group (islets only) after 7 days culture. ECs expressing vWF were still detectable in ECs coating and SCs coculture groups by 7 days culture. The islets in combined strategy group had the most vWF-positive ECs around it after 7 days co-culture. * P<0.05 vs. islet and SCs coculture, # P<0.05 vs. ECs coating, n = 10.</p

ECs-coating and SCs infusion improve of islet grafts function in vivo after transplantation.

<p>Compared with the control group (group A), ECs-coated islets and Sertoli cells before transplantation demonstrated enhanced glucose tolerance ability in blood glucose levels and increase in blood insulin concentration (P<0.05 vs. each other, n = 10).</p