Nonlinear hydrodynamics of floating offshore wind turbines: A review

Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is a highly sophisticated system that involves multiphysical dynamics that includes hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, structural dynamics, servo dynamics, and mooring dynamics. Hydrodynamics is one of the most critical aspects directly related to the stabilization and safety of FOWTs. As the turbine capacity keeps growing and the target depth of the water becomes deeper, the nonlinear hydrodynamic effect becomes more significant, especially under extreme conditions that occur more frequently in recent years. In this paper, theoretical challenges and state-of-the-art research progress regarding the nonlinear hydrodynamic problems related to FOWTs and their stationkeeping systems are introduced from both numerical and physical point of view. Nonlinear wave characteristics and nonlinear hydrodynamics of wave–structure interactions are addressed with different theories ranging from linear, weakly nonlinear to fully nonlinear. A number of nonlinear phenomenon such as low-frequency resonance, transient impacts, hydroelastic coupling, current effects and shallow water effect are discussed. Theoretical inconsistency due to large horizontal motions and challenges in accounting for the viscous drag loads in the state-of-the-art engineering tools are addressed. Future perspectives are finally brought up

Characteristics of geothermal energy obtained from a deep well in the coldest provincial capital of China

The abundantly available renewable geothermal energy resources play an important role in people’s life in the applications of hot water supply, greenhouse heating, air conditioning, electricity generating, breeding, incubating, drying, irrigating, refrigeration, and so on. This study investigated the characteristics of geothermal energy obtained from a 100 m deep well in Harbin, the coldest provincial capital of China. The effects of air temperature, wind scale, and fluid velocity were also studied. When the air temperature varied in the range of –21.76 ~ –15.27ºC and the wind scale was in the range of 2-5, the tube and soil temperatures varied in the ranges of –1.3 ~ 1.8, 3.9 ~ 4.6, 6.6 ~ 7.7, 7.7-8.7, 8.9 ~ 9.8, 10.4 ~ 11.3, 11.9 ~ 13.1, and 13.4 ~ 14.8ºC for the well depths of 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 m, respectively. Ambient conditions had significant effect on the soil temperature above 1 m whereas nearly no effect on the soil temperature under 5 m. When the fluid velocities were between 0.09 m/s and 0.18 m/s, the tube temperatures reached stable within one hour, and the fluid velocity had slight effect on the tube temperatures. The results obtained from this study offer precious geothermal energy information for the cold regions of China and also the whole world

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-AChE and Antioxidative Effects of Schisandra chinensis Extract: A Potential Candidate for Alzheimer’s Disease

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidants are two common strategies for the treatment in the early stage of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). In this study, extracts from nine traditional Chinese medical (TCM) herbs were tested for anti-AChE activity by Ellman’s microplate assay and cytotoxicity by CCK-8. Based on its excellent AChE inhibition effect and its lowest cytotoxicity, Schisandra chinensis (SC) extract was selected to do the mechanism research. SC extract protected pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells against H2O2-induced toxicity by improving the cell survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. And it also showed significant free radical (DPPH) scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging. To confirm these results, the scopolamine-induced mice models were utilized in this study. Compared with the positive drug (piracetam), SC could also exhibit similar effects to alleviate the mice’s cognitive deficits. Moreover, in the mice brain samples, the AChE activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of SC-treatment group both showed a reverse as compared to model group. Taken together, these results all suggested that SC extract may be a potential therapeutic candidate for AD

Modelling of the single-Higgs simplified template cross-sections (STXS 1.2) for the determination of the Higgs boson trilinear self-coupling

The trilinear self-coupling constant of the Higgs boson $\lambda$ can be determined via the measurement of the cross sections of the main Higgs boson production mechanisms (single-H). Such cross sections receive a $\lambda$ dependence from next-to-leading order electroweak corrections. To date, this approach provides constraints on anomalous $\lambda$ values comparable and complementary to the ones derived from the searches for the Higgs boson pair production HH. The constraints on $\lambda$ from single-H can be improved through the usage of differential cross section information. For this reason, this document provides a parametrization of the single-H cross section variations, with respect to the standard model predictions, as a function of $\lambda$ in the regions of the phase-space defined by the stage 1.2 simplified template cross section. This modelling will facilitate the combination of the single-H cross section measurements with HH searches to provide the ultimate precision on all of the Higgs boson couplings

Reprogramming tumor microenvironment via dual targeting co-delivery of regorafenib and alpha-difluoromethylornithine in osteosarcoma

Abstract Background Tumor angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and progression are all closely correlated with the tumor microenvironment (TME). Immune evasion is supported by both M2 phenotype tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and vascular aberrations in the TME. TME reprogramming is a promising therapeutic approach for treating tumors. Anti-angiogenesis has the power to control the polarization of macrophages, prevent progression, and increase drug penetration. Additionally, polyamine blocking therapy can increase CD8+ T cell infiltration and decrease immunosuppressive cells. These results led to developing a potential therapeutic regimen that targets TAMs and angiogenesis to reprogram the osteosarcoma TME. Results For the targeted biomimetic co-delivery of regorafenib and alpha-difluoromethylornithine via the mannose receptor, which is overexpressed in both TAMs and osteosarcoma cells, mannosylated poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-polyethylene glycol nanoparticles (Man-NPs) were synthesized. The superior physiological properties and intratumoral accumulation of the Man-NPs efficiently promoted TAMs polarization and inhibited angiogenesis. Macrophage repolarization further activated immune cells, which contributed to remodeling the TME. Conclusion Overall, these findings suggested that using Man-NPs as an immunotherapeutic approach to treat osteosarcoma may be promising. Graphical Abstrac

Additional file 1 of Inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism in osteosarcoma protects against CD151-mediated tumorigenicity

Additional file 1: Figure S1. a. Western blot demonstrating CRISPR/CAS9-mediated CD151 knockout in indicated cells. b. Heatmap of the sphingolipid metabolism genes regulated by CD151 depletion in ZOSM cells from RNA-seq. c. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of transcriptomic profiles of osteosarcoma patients based on the GEO database (GSE42352, n = 127). The red indicates the KEGG pathway related to sphingolipid metabolism. d. Heatmap of osteosarcoma patients showed changes of sphingolipid metabolism genes that express a high level of CD151 compared to tumors with low CD151 expression. Figure S2. a. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to measure the concentrations of intermediates in ZOSM cells. Heatmap showing significantly differently expression metabolites altered by CD151 silencing. Shades of red and blue represent higher and lower levels of metabolites, respectively. b. The top 10 enriched pathways from integrated pathway analysis of significantly changed metabolites. The red indicates the KEGG pathway related to sphingolipid metabolism. c. Lipids were extracted from WT or CD151 KO ZOSM cells and analyzed by LC/MS. Bubble plots represent the mean log2-transformed fold-change difference between cell lines. d. The intensity of BODIPY FL-labeled ceramide or sphingomyelin was analyzed by confocal fluorescence imaging in ZOSM cells. Scale bars: 50 μm. e. ZOSM cells with CD151 depletion were incubated with Alexa 555-conjugated CTB (red) to label GM1-containing lipid rafts. Cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy or flow cytometry. Scale bars: 50 μm. Figure S3. a. Expression of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism was measured by PCR array in ZOSM cells. Data are shown as log2-transformed fold change in CD151 silencing cells relative to control. b. Western blot analysis of SPTCL1 expression in cells with CD151 overexpression in indicated cells. c. The cellular levels of ceramide in vector and CD151 overexpression ZOSM cells with or without myriocin treatment were analyzed by BODIPY FL-labeled ceramide confocal imaging. Scale bars: 50 μm. d. The cellular levels of lipid rafts in vector and CD151 overexpression ZOSM cells with or without myriocin treatment were analyzed by Alexa 555-conjugated CTB confocal imaging. Scale bars: 50 μm. e. Mice weight quantification of established tumors with CD151 overexpression treated with vehicle or myriocin (0.5 mg/kg). Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 5. Figure S4. a. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on the RNA-seq using Hallmarks gene sets between WT and CD151 KO ZOSM cells. b. The c-myc expression was detected in the indicated cells with CD151 overexpression by western blot. c. Time-course analysis of c-myc protein levels in CD151 depletion ZOSM cells. c-myc band density relative to β-actin was quantified, and the ratio of c-myc protein/actin protein was artificially set as 1.0 for samples untreated with CHX to obtain half-time (T1/2) of c-myc. d. c-myc ubiquitination was analyzed in CD151 depletion cells. ZOSM cells were transfected with the indicated plasmids followed by treatment with MG132 for 6 h. Cell extracts were immunoprecipitated with an anti-HA antibody, and ubiquitination c-myc was detected by western blot. Figure S5. a-b. SPTLC1 mRNA and protein levels in CD151 depletion cells stably infected with vector or c-myc-expressing lentiviruses were analyzed by RT-qPCR (A) and Western blot (B). Data are shown as mean ± SD of triplicate experiments. c-d. Schematic representation of the promoter region in the human SPTLC1 gene (C). ChIP from ZOSM cells was performed with control IgG or c-myc antibody as indicated. The presence of the SPTLC1 binding sites was detected by qPCR using primers. Quantification of enrichments is represented as fold-enrichment over lgG control. e. ZOSM cells were transfected with an empty vector or c-myc plus the wild-type SPTLC1 promoter (WT) or mutated promoter (MUT) for measuring luciferase activity. Data are the mean ± SD, and the data are representative of three independent experiments. Figure S6. a. The representative images of Ki67 staining from SA3831 and SA4009 PDX tumor-bearing mice treated with vehicle or myriocin. Scale bars: 100 μm. Table S1