Schematic of study sample with exclusions from analysis.

<p>Schematic of study sample with exclusions from analysis.</p

Prevalence of PH and CV morbidity stratified by different ages.

<p>Prevalence of both PH and CV morbidity showed an increasing trend with advanced ages.</p

Prevalence and risks of CV morbidity in CKD patients with or without PH.

<p>PH was associated with cardiac morbidity but not cerebravascular nor peripheral vascular diseases. CV: cardiovascular; CKD: chronic kidney disease; PH: pulmonary hypertension.</p><p>Prevalence and risks of CV morbidity in CKD patients with or without PH.</p

Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by degree of PH.

<p>CKD: chronic kidney disease; 5D: maintenance hemodialysis patients (hemodialysis≥3 months); BP: blood pressure; eGFR: evaluated glomerular filtration rate; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PH: pulmonary hypertenstion; CV: cardiovascular; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein. Data are given as mean±SD, medians (25th to 75th percentiles), or numbers and percentages as appropriate. NA: not available (only 4 patients with data of 24 h-proteinuria). *: compared with mild PH group, <i>p</i><0.05; ^# : compared with non-PH group, <i>p</i><0.05.</p><p>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics by degree of PH.</p

Baseline demographic and clinical parameters of different CKD stages.

<p>CKD: chronic kidney disease; CKD-5D: maintenance hemodialysis patients (hemodialysis≥3 months); BP: blood pressure; CAD: coronary artery disease; eGFR: evaluated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI: CKD Epidemiology Collaboration; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: left ventricular ; PH: pulmonary hypertenstion; CV: cardiovascular; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein. NA: not available; *: moderate to severe regurgitation valvular disease; Data are given as mean±SD, medians (25^th to 75^th percentiles), or numbers and percentages as appropriate.</p><p>Baseline demographic and clinical parameters of different CKD stages.</p

Prevalence of PH and CV morbidity in different CKD stages.

<p>Prevalence of both PH and CV morbidity increased gradually with progression of renal function, and reached a peak point when hemodialysis (CKD-5D) initiated. PH patients were mostly mild to moderate PH.</p

Multivariate ORs for pulmonary hypertension in CKD patients.

<p>OR: odds ratio; CKD: chronic kidney disease; 5D: maintenance hemodialysis patients (hemodialysis≥3 months); LDL: low density lipoprotein ; CV: cardiovascular.</p><p>Multivariate ORs for pulmonary hypertension in CKD patients.</p

Prevalence of PH and CV morbidity stratified by duration of hemodialysis.

<p>Prevalence of neither PH nor CV morbidity showed increasing trend.</p

In-hospital survival of CRS type 1 according to RIFLE(A), AKIN(B), KDIGO(C) and K(+)R(−)+K(+)A(−) definitions(D).

<p>*: vs No-AKI, P<0.001;#:vs AKI by all three criteria, P = 0.061.</p

Identification and Predicting Short-Term Prognosis of Early Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1: KDIGO Is Superior to RIFLE or AKIN

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) is usually type 1 of the cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of AKI is critical. This study was to determine if the new KDIGO criteria (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes) for identification and short-term prognosis of early CRS type 1 was superior to the previous RIFLE and AKIN criteria.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The association between AKI diagnosed by KDIGO but not by RIFLE or AKIN and in-hospital mortality was retrospectively evaluated in 1005 Chinese adult patients with AHF between July 2008 and May 2012. AKI was defined as RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO criteria, respectively. Cox regression was used for multivariate analysis of in-hospital mortality.</p><p>Results</p><p>Within 7 days on admission, the incidence of CRS type 1 was 38.9% by KDIGO criteria, 34.7% by AKIN, and 32.1% by RIFLE. A total of 110 (10.9%) cases were additional diagnosed by KDIGO criteria but not by RIFLE or AKIN. 89.1% of them were in Stage 1 (AKIN) or Stage Risk (RIFLE). They accounted for 18.4% (25 cases) of the overall death. After adjustment, this proportion remained an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality [odds ratios (OR)3.24, 95% confidence interval(95%CI) 1.97–5.35]. Kaplan-Meier curve showed AKI patients by RIFLE, AKIN, KDIGO and [K(+)R(−)+K(+)A(−)] had lower hospital survival than non-AKI patients (Log Rank P<0.001).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>KDIGO criteria identified significantly more CRS type 1 episodes than RIFLE or AKIN. AKI missed diagnosed by RIFLE or AKIN criteria was an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality, indicating the new KDIGO criteria was superior to RIFLE and AKIN in predicting short-term outcomes in early CRS type 1.</p></div