Simplified Soft Sensing Model Applied in the Centralized Regenerator of a Distributed Operating Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification System

A distributed operating Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification System (LDDS) designed for commercial building applications allows one regenerator to handle multiple dehumidifier units, which provides the potential to apply low-grade energy in a centralized form for desiccant solution regeneration. An online soft sensing model with the Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS) structure is developed to satisfy the operating scheme. The number of input variables is reduced by the regeneration mass transfer model, and the fuzzy interference is optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a constrained objective function. The accuracy of the soft sensing models with different simplicity levels are validated and compared in case studies. Results show that the proposed soft sensing model is accurate, and the simplification approaches can reduce the size of the model significantly without affecting the predictive accuracy

Optimization of Liquid Desiccant Regenerator with Multiobject Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

In this paper, a model-based optimization strategy for a liquid desiccant regenerator operating with lithium chloride solution is presented. By analyzing the characteristics of the components, such as electric heater, pump, and fan, energy predictive models for the components in the regenerator are developed. To minimize the energy usage while maintaining the regeneration rate within an accepted level, one multiobjective optimization problem is formulated with two objectives, the constraints of decision variables, components interactions, and the outdoor conditions. A multiobjective optimization strategy based on decreasing inertia weight particle swarm optimization (DIWPSO) is proposed to obtain the optimal nondominated solutions of the optimization problem, and a decision making strategy is introduced to select the final solution, desiccant solution flow rate, desiccant solution temperature, and the regenerating air flow rate, to minimize the energy usage in the regenerator. Experimental studies are carried out on an existing system to compare the energy consumption and regeneration rate between the proposed optimization strategy and conventional strategy to evaluate energy saving performance of the proposed strategy. Experimental results demonstrate that an average of 8.55% energy can be saved by implementing the proposed optimization strategy in liquid desiccant regenerator

Letters adjacent to boxed areas in schematic representation of a brain coronal section (A) indicate areas where representative confocal microscopic images were taken.

<p>Panels B and C show YFP (green) and DCX (red) positive cells in non-ischemic (B) and ischemic SVZ (C) in middle-aged mice 30 days after stroke. Orthogonal views (D, E) show that a YFP immunoreactive cell (green) was DCX positive (D, red) or NeuN (NN) positive (E) in the ischemic striatum. Quantitative data analysis (F) shows percentage of YFP/DCX and YFP/NeuN positive cells in the ischemic striatum after treatment with saline and Sildenafil. *p<0.05 vs the saline group. n = 10/saline and n = 11/Sildenafil. Bar = 10 µm for B to E. Blue color  =  cell nuclei. CC  =  corpus callosum, and LV  =  lateral ventricle.</p

The number of YFP⁺ cells in the ischemic hemisphere.

<p>Date are presented as Mean ± SE. CC  =  corpus callosum. SVZ  =  subventricular zone.</p>*<p> =  P<0.05 vs the saline group.</p

Representative confocal microscopic images (A to F, H, I) show that YFP immunoreactive cells (green) were NG (A, B, red), CNPase (C, D, red), CC1 (E, F, red), and GFAP (H, I, red) positive in the corpus callosum (A, C, E), striatum (B, D, F, H) and SVZ (I) of the ischemic hemisphere in middle-aged mice 30 days after stroke.

<p>Panel G shows percentage of YFP/CNPase positive cells in the ipsilateral corpus callosum and striatum in middle-aged mice treated with saline and Sildenafil. *p<0.05 vs saline group. n = 10/saline and n = 11/Sildenafil. Bars  = 10 µm. Blue color  =  cell nuclei. CC  =  corpus callosum, LV  =  lateral ventricle.</p

A diagram shows experimental protocols (A).

<p>Confocal microscopic images show YFP positive cells in non-ischemic brain 14 days after injection of tamoxifen (B and C) and YFP positive cells in ischemic striatum 30 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO, D). An orthogonal view shows that several YFP immunoreactive cells (green) were nestin positive (red) in the anterior SVZ of the lateral ventricle of non-ischemic brain (C). A light microscopic image of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained coronal section shows striatal ischemic lesion 30 days after MCAO (E). Bars = 100 µm for B, and D, 10 µm in C, and 100 µm in E. Blue color  =  cell nuclei. LV  =  lateral ventricle. D0 represents the day of MCAO.</p

GFAP⁺ processes at ventricular surface.

<p>Double and triple immunofluorescent images acquired from the apical surface of representative non-ischemic (A, B) and ischemic (C, D) whole mounts show acetylated tubulin⁺ cilium and γ-tubulin⁺ basal bodies (A, C) and cells with single γ-tubulin⁺ basal body, GFAP⁺ processes at the center of β-catenin⁺ cobblestone ependymal cells (B, D). Quantitative data (E, F) show the number of cells with GFAP⁺ processes on the apical surface. *p<0.05, n = 6 mice/group. Bar = 10 µm.</p

Microvascular structure and neuroblasts in the V/SVZ.

<p>Double immunofluorescent images acquired from representative non-ischemic (A) and ischemic (B) whole mounts (viewed from the ventricular surface) show the network of collagen IV⁺ blood vessels (red) and distribution of GFP⁺ neuroblasts (green). Projected images with total thickness of 50 µm from the Z axis (C, D) show that GFP⁺ neuroblasts in non-ischemic whole mount were restricted in the SVZ (C, green), while GFP⁺ neuroblasts in ischemic whole mount distributed from the SVZ (D, green) down to striatum (D, green). Single composite image with 1 µm thickness from X–Y axis at SVZ and striatum beneath the ventricular surface from their corresponding Z stacks (C, D) show collagen IV⁺ blood vessels and GFP⁺ neuroblasts.</p

Cerebral microvasculature in the V/SVZ.

<p>Original composite (A) and corresponding three-dimensional (B) images of collagen IV⁺ cerebral blood vessels from representative non-ischemic whole mount (non), and 7, 14, 30, and 90 days of ischemic whole mounts. Red and green colors in panel B represent diameters of blood vessels less than 7.5 µm and larger than 7.5 µm, respectively. Panel C shows quantitative data of blood vessel volume. The data were generated by the three-dimensional vessel quantification program. Unit for numbers in all images is microns. Representative double immunofluorescent images (D, E) show that CD31⁺ cells (red) were BrdU⁺ (green, arrow and arrowheads) at a composite view (D) and that an orthogonal view (E) revealed co-localization of a CD31+/BrdU+ cell shown in the panel D (arrow). Panel F shows quantitative data of CD31⁺/BrdU⁺ cells. Representative three dimensional images (G, H) show views of collagen IV⁺ string vessels (red, arrows) that were not perfused by FITC-dextran (green) from 0 (G) and 46 (H) degree angles. Panel I shows quantitative data of sting vessels over 90 days of MCAO. *p<0.05 vs non-ischemic group, n = 6 mice/group.</p

GFAP⁺/BrdU⁺ cells and blood vessels in the V/SVZ.

<p>A representative orthogonal view of triple immunofluorescent image (A) shows that a BrdU⁺ (green) and GFAP⁺ cell with long processes (red) contacted with collagen IV⁺ blood vessels (blue). Panel B shows quantitative data of BrdU⁺/GFAP⁺ cells. Double immunofluorescent images from representative non-ischemic (C) and ischemic (D) whole mounts show GFAP⁺ long processes contacted collagen IV⁺ blood vessels.</p