Hydrothermal Synthesis of 1‑Butanol from Ethanol Catalyzed with Commercial Cobalt Powder

We reported a highly efficient conversion of ethanol to 1-butanol under hydrothermal conditions with commercial cobalt (Co) metal powder as a recyclable and inexpensive catalyst. The possible reaction pathways were explored. Moreover, it has been found that sodium bicarbonate is better than sodium hydroxide for the Guerbet reaction because the former led to less corrosion of reaction vessels and blocked the oxidation of the ethanol to acetic acid

Chemical niche shifts in terms of N acquisition by the fern <i>D. dichotoma</i> under two available N levels.

<p>The area enclosed by the solid line refers to MR site (low N availability), whereas the dashed line encloses MF site data (high N availability). Values are means (±1SE) of 6 replicates. Asterisks indicate significant differences between mountain ridge and mountain foot MR and MF at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

The two sites located along the mountain slope: (a) mountain ridge (MR), (b) mountain foot (MF).

<p>The two sites located along the mountain slope: (a) mountain ridge (MR), (b) mountain foot (MF).</p

Characteristics of topsoil (0–10 cm) of the mountain ridge (MR) and the mountain foot (MF) sites where <i>Dicranopteris dichotoma</i> grows.

<p>Means (±1SE) of six replicates are presented (n = 6). Asterisks indicate significant differences between two sites at <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Results of multifactorial ANOVA for the effects of site, N species, time, and their interactions on N uptake rates of <i>D. dichotoma</i> in a subtropical forest.

<p>Results of multifactorial ANOVA for the effects of site, N species, time, and their interactions on N uptake rates of <i>D. dichotoma</i> in a subtropical forest.</p