Imprint of the stochastic nature of photon emission by electrons on the proton energy spectra in the laser-plasma interaction

The impact of stochasticity effects (SEs) in photon emissions on the proton energy spectra during laser-plasma interaction is theoretically investigated in the quantum radiation-dominated regime, which may facilitate SEs experimental observation. We calculate the photon emissions quantum mechanically and the plasma dynamics semiclassically via two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. An ultrarelativistic plasma generated and driven by an ultraintense laser pulse head-on collides with another strong laser pulse, which decelerates the electrons due to radiation-reaction effect and results in a significant compression of the proton energy spectra because of the charge separation force. In the considered regime the SEs are demonstrated in the shift of the mean energy of the protons up to hundreds of MeV. This effect is robust with respect to the laser and target parameters and measurable in soon available strong laser facilities

Research progress in molecular biological mechanism of amblyopia

Amblyopia is one of the common ophthalmic diseases in children's visual development, and its pathogenesis is rather complicated. This paper summarizes the current literatures on the pathogenesis of amblyopia, and analyzes the molecular biological mechanism of visual development and amblyopia pathogenesis from the visual neurotransmitters and their receptors, cell factors, related genes and proteins, as well as the expression of regulatory kinase. In order to provide a reference for the study of visual plasticity, amblyopia pathogenesis and treatment