Research Progress of Minimal Tillage Method and Machine in China

Minimal tillage methods mainly include subsoiling technology and topsoil tillage technology. Based on the analysis of domestic technical modes and application status of minimal tillage, this paper reviewed the working principle, technical characteristics and research status of subsoiling and topsoil tillage in two key parts. Current technical difficulties were analyzed and generalized, combined with the research progress and application requirements of minimal tillage in China, and future research emphasis and development direction were provided

Comprehensive Analysis of Five Phyllostachys edulis SQUA-like Genes and Their Potential Functions in Flower Development

Bamboo is one of the most important non-timber forest resources worldwide. It has considerable economic value and unique flowering characteristics. The long juvenile phase in bamboo and unpredictable flowering time limit breeding and genetic improvement and seriously affect the productivity and application of bamboo forests. Members of SQUA-like subfamily genes play an essential role in controlling flowering time and floral organ identity. A comprehensive study was conducted to explain the functions of five SQUA-like subfamily genes in Phyllostachys edulis. Expression analysis revealed that all PeSQUAs have higher transcript levels in the reproductive period than in the juvenile phase. However, PeSQUAs showed divergent expression patterns during inflorescence development. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) patterns among PeSQUAs and other MADS-box members were analyzed by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) experiments. Consistent with amino acid sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, the PPI patterns clustered into two groups. PeMADS2, 13, and 41 interacted with multiple PeMADS proteins, whereas PeMADS3 and 28 hardly interacted with other proteins. Based on our results, PeSQUA might possess different functions by forming protein complexes with other MADS-box proteins at different flowering stages. Furthermore, we chose PeMADS2 for functional analysis. Ectopic expression of PeMADS2 in Arabidopsis and rice caused early flowering, and abnormal phenotype was observed in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. RNA-seq analysis indicated that PeMADS2 integrated multiple pathways regulating floral transition to trigger early flowering time in rice. This function might be due to the interaction between PeMADS2 and homologous in rice. Therefore, we concluded that the five SQUA-like genes showed functional conservation and divergence based on sequence differences and were involved in floral transitions by forming protein complexes in P. edulis. The MADS-box protein complex model obtained in the current study will provide crucial insights into the molecular mechanisms of bamboo’s unique flowering characteristics

Multipaddled anterolateral thigh chimeric flap for reconstruction of complex defects in head and neck.

The anterolateral thigh flap has been the workhouse flap for coverage of soft-tissue defects in head and neck for decades. However, the reconstruction of multiple and complex soft-tissue defects in head and neck with multipaddled anterolateral thigh chimeric flaps is still a challenge for reconstructive surgeries. Here, a clinical series of 12 cases is reported in which multipaddled anterolateral thigh chimeric flaps were used for complex soft-tissue defects with several separately anatomic locations in head and neck. Of the 12 cases, 7 patients presented with trismus were diagnosed as advanced buccal cancer with oral submucous fibrosis, 2 tongue cancer cases were found accompanied with multiple oral mucosa lesions or buccal cancer, and 3 were hypopharyngeal cancer with anterior neck skin invaded. All soft-tissue defects were reconstructed by multipaddled anterolateral thigh chimeric flaps, including 9 tripaddled anterolateral thigh flaps and 3 bipaddled flaps. The mean length of skin paddle was 19.2 (range: 14-23) cm and the mean width was 4.9 (range: 2.5-7) cm. All flaps survived and all donor sites were closed primarily. After a mean follow-up time of 9.1 months, there were no problems with the donor or recipient sites. This study supports that the multipaddled anterolateral thigh chimeric flap is a reliable and good alternative for complex and multiple soft-tissue defects of the head and neck

Statistical description of case series.

<p>Abbreviations: BC, buccal cancer; TC, tongue cancer; HC, hypopharyngeal cancer; OSF, oral submucous fibrosis; P, proximal paddle; M, middle paddle; D, distal paddle; W, width; L, length.</p><p>Statistical description of case series.</p

Preoperative view of two primary tumors.

<p>Note that the left tongue cancer (T3N0M0) and left buccal cancer (T2N0M0) were not directly adjacent.</p

Appearance 2 months after operation with complete flap survival.

<p>Appearance 2 months after operation with complete flap survival.</p

Intraoperative view of right full-thickness cheek defects and left buccal mucosa defect after the radical cancer surgery.

<p>Intraoperative view of right full-thickness cheek defects and left buccal mucosa defect after the radical cancer surgery.</p

Intraoperative view after elevation of the tripaddled free ALT musculocutaneous flap.

<p>Intraoperative view after elevation of the tripaddled free ALT musculocutaneous flap.</p

Intraoperative view of two separately skin paddles reconstructing neoesophagus and anterior neck skin respectively.

<p>The distal paddle with two separately perforators was tubularized by itself to form a neoesophagus.</p