Translating Chuang Tzu into world literature:: text and context

1881年至今，英译史已逾百年，庄子作为中国传统经典，成功地在世界文学领域崭露头角，成为海外汉学界和世界文学界惊天动地的文化盛事。全译12部，选译50部，改编2部，在“全译—深译—多元化再译”的蜕变过程中，经历了宗教再解释、文学再解释、哲学再解释和多元化再解释四个阶段。 ”。因此，基于达姆罗什世界文学观的不同时空语境对不同阶段特征的总结，本文从翻译形式、翻译成果、翻译阅读模式等方面阐述庄子进入世界文学领域的路径，以把握民族文学走向世界文学的运行机制。中国文学出国对实际翻译工作的启示。同时，对《庄子》英译史的回顾，有助于本文总结当前翻译活动和研究活动的不足，以期为海外《庄子》研究的未来发展指明方向，提供建设性的指导。建议。从而把握民族文学向世界文学推进的运行机制，致力于对中国文学出国翻译实践工作的启示。同时，对《庄子》英译史的回顾，有助于本文总结当前翻译活动和研究活动的不足，以期为海外《庄子》研究的未来发展指明方向，提供建设性的指导。建议。从而把握民族文学向世界文学推进的运行机制，致力于对中国文学出国翻译实践工作的启示。同时，对《庄子》英译史的回顾，有助于本文总结当前翻译活动和研究活动的不足，以期为海外《庄子》研究的未来发展指明方向，提供建设性的指导。建议。 Chuang Tzu (《庄子》), as a traditional Chinese canon, has been translated into English for more than 100 years since 1881, successfully carving a niche in the realm of world literature, which has become an earth-shattering cultural event in the academia of overseas sinology and world literature. According to statistics, the book has been translated into 12 full translations, 50 selected translations, and two adaptations. The metamorphosis process of “full translation – deep translation – diversified retranslation”, has passed through four stages, namely religious, literary, philosophical, and diversified reinterpretation phases. Thus, from the perspective of Damrosch’s view of world literature, this paper summarizes the characteristics of different stages based on different spatial-temporal contexts. In the light of translation form, translational outcomes, and translation mode of reading, the path in which Chuang Tzu entered into the field of world literature is specified for the operational mechanism of promoting national literature to world literature, which is dedicated to the enlightenment for practical translation work of introducing Chinese literature abroad. Meanwhile, by reviewing the history of English translations of Chuang Tzu, this paper sums up the deficiencies of current translation activities and research activities, with an attempt to provide constructive suggestions as well as to point out the direction for the futuredevelopment of overseas studies of Chuang Tzu

Passive immunotherapy for influenza A H5N1 virus infection with equine hyperimmune globulin F(ab')(2 )in mice

BACKGROUND: Avian influenza virus H5N1 has demonstrated considerable pandemic potential. Currently, no effective vaccines for H5N1 infection are available, so passive immunotherapy may be an alternative strategy. To investigate the possible therapeutic effect of antibody against highly pathogenic H5N1 virus on a mammal host, we prepared specific equine anti-H5N1 IgGs from horses vaccinated with inactivated H5N1 virus, and then obtained the F(ab')(2 )fragments by pepsin digestion of IgGs. METHODS: The horses were vaccinated with inactivated H5N1 vaccine to prepare anti-H5N1 IgGs. The F(ab')(2 )fragments were purified from anti-H5N1 hyperimmune sera by a protocol for 'enhanced pepsin digestion'. The protective effect of the F(ab')(2 )fragments against H5N1 virus infection was determined in cultured MDCK cells by cytopathic effect (CPE) assay and in a BALB/c mouse model by survival rate assay. RESULTS: By the protocol for 'enhanced pepsin digestion', total 16 g F(ab')(2 )fragments were finally obtained from one liter equine antisera with the purity of over 90%. The H5N1-specific F(ab')(2 )fragments had a HI titer of 1:1024, and the neutralization titre of F(ab')(2 )reached 1: 2048. The in vivo assay showed that 100 μg of the F(ab')(2 )fragments could protect BALB/c mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza H5N1 virus. CONCLUSION: The availability of highly purified H5N1-specific F(ab')(2 )fragments may be promising for treatment of influenza H5N1 infection. Our work has provided experimental support for the application of the therapeutic equine immunoglobulin in future large primate or human trials

Molecular identification of Clonorchis sinensis and discrimination with other opisthorchid liver fluke species using multiple Ligation-depended Probe Amplification (MLPA)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Infections with the opisthorchid liver flukes <it>Clonorchis sinensis</it>, <it>Opisthorchis viverrini</it>, and <it>O. felineus </it>cause severe health problems globally, particularly in Southeast Asia. Early identification of the infection is essential to provide timely and appropriate chemotherapy to patients.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this study we evaluate a PCR-based molecular identification method, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), which allows rapid and specific detection of single nucleotide acid differences between <it>Clonorchis sinensis</it>, <it>Opisthorchis viverrini </it>and <it>O. felineus</it>. Three probe pairs were derived from the Internally Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) of three opisthorchid liver flukes using a systematic phylogenetic analysis. Specific loci were detected in all three species, yielding three amplicons with 198,172 and 152 bp, respectively, while no cross reactions were observed. A panel of 66 <it>C. sinensis </it>isolates was screened using MLPA. All species were positively identified, and no inhibition was observed. The detection limit was 10³copies of the ITS gene for the three liver flukes, or about 60 pg genomic DNA for <it>Clonorchis sinensis</it>. Amplification products can be detected by electrophoresis on agarose gel or in a capillary sequencer. In addition, genomic DNA of <it>Clonorchis sinensis </it>in fecal samples of infected rats was positively amplified by MLPA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The flexibility and specificity make MLPA a potential tool for specific identification of infections by opisthorchid liver flukes in endemic areas.</p

Molecular characterization of cathepsin B from Clonorchis sinensis excretory/secretory products and assessment of its potential for serodiagnosis of clonorchiasis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cathepsin cysteine proteases play multiple roles in the life cycle of parasites such as food uptake, immune invasion and pathogenesis, making them valuable targets for diagnostic assays, vaccines and drugs. The purpose of this study was to identify a cathepsin B of <it>Clonorchis sinensis </it>(<it>Cs</it>CB) and to investigate its diagnostic value for human helminthiases.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The predicted amino acid sequence of the cathepsin B of <it>C. sinensis </it>shared 63%, 52%, 50% identity with that of <it>Schistosoma japonicum</it>, <it>Homo sapiens </it>and <it>Fasciola hepatica</it>, respectively. Sequence encoding proenzyme of <it>Cs</it>CB was overexpressed in <it>Escherichia coli</it>. Reverse transcription PCR experiments revealed that <it>Cs</it>CB transcribed in both adult worm and metacercaria of <it>C. sinensis</it>. <it>Cs</it>CB was identified as a <it>C. sinensis </it>excretory/secretory product by immunoblot assay, which was consistent with immunohistochemical localization showing that <it>Cs</it>CB was especially expressed in the intestine of <it>C. sinensis </it>adults. Both ELISA and western blotting analysis showed recombinant <it>Cs</it>CB could react with human sera from clonorchiasis and other helminthiases.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings revealed that secreted CsCB may play an important role in the biology of C. sinensis and could be a diagnostic candidate for helminthiases.</p

RSL3 Drives Ferroptosis Through GPX4 Inactivation and ROS Production in Colorectal Cancer

Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, oxidative cell death, and is characterized by iron-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the cell. It has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer. Recently, ferroptosis, as a non-apoptotic form of cell death, is emerging in specific cancer types; however, its relevance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unexplored and remains unclear. Here, we showed that ferroptosis inducer RSL3 initiated cell death and ROS accumulation in HCT116, LoVo, and HT29 CRC cells over a 24 h time course. Furthermore, we found that ROS levels and transferrin expression were elevated in CRC cells treated with RSL3 accompanied by a decrease in the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), indicating an iron-dependent cell death, ferroptosis. Overexpression GPX4 resulted in decreased cell death after RSL3 treatment. Therefore, RSL3 was able to induce ferroptosis on three different CRC cell lines in vitro in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which was due to increased ROS and an increase in the cellular labile iron pool. Moreover, this effect was able to be reversed by overexpression of GPX4. Taken together, our results suggest that the induction of ferroptosis contributed to RSL3-induced cell death in CRC cells and ferroptosis may be a pervasive and dynamic form of cell death for cancer treatment

Identification and Characterization of Paramyosin from Cyst Wall of Metacercariae Implicated Protective Efficacy against Clonorchis sinensis Infection

Human clonorchiasis has been increasingly prevalent in recent years and results in a threat to the public health in epidemic regions, motivating current strategies of vaccines to combat Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis). In this study, we identified C. sinensis paramyosin (CsPmy) from the cyst wall proteins of metacercariae by proteomic approaches and characterized the expressed recombinant pET-26b-CsPmy protein (101 kDa). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that full-length sequences of paramyosin are conserved in helminthes and numerous B-cell/T-cell epitopes were predicted in amino acid sequence of CsPmy. Western blot analysis showed that CsPmy was expressed at four life stages of C. sinensis, both cyst wall proteins and soluble tegumental components could be probed by anti-CsPmy serum. Moreover, immunolocalization results revealed that CsPmy was specifically localized at cyst wall and excretory bladder of metacercaria, as well as the tegument, oral sucker and vitellarium of adult worm. Both immunoblot and immunolocalization results demonstrated that CsPmy was highly expressed at the stage of adult worm, metacercariae and cercaria, which could be supported by real-time PCR analysis. Both recombinant protein and nucleic acid of CsPmy showed strong immunogenicity in rats and induced combined Th1/Th2 immune responses, which were reflected by continuous high level of antibody titers and increased level of IgG1/IgG2a subtypes in serum. In vaccine trials, comparing with control groups, both CsPmy protein and DNA vaccine exhibited protective effect with significant worm reduction rate of 54.3% (p<0.05) and 36.1% (p<0.05), respectively. In consistence with immune responses in sera, elevated level of cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4 in splenocytes suggested that CsPmy could induce combined cellular immunity and humoral immunity in host. Taken together, CsPmy could be a promising vaccine candidate in the prevention of C. sinensis regarding its high immunogenicity and surface localization

Projected estimation for large-dimensional matrix factor models

10.1016/j.jeconom.2021.04.001Journal of Econometric