TGF-β1 and IL-10 expression in epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780

Purpose: Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of death among gynaecological malignancies. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are cytokines in the tumour microenvironment and may play critical roles in immune suppression. This study highlights these roles and immunosuppressive functions in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).Methods: TGF-β1 and IL-10 expression was compared in malignant, benign, and borderline cancerous tissues and tumour-free tissue by immunohistochemistry. Relationships among the levels of these cytokines, correlation of expression level with EOC prognosis, and cytokine involvement in immunosuppression were investigated.Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in epithelial cells showed the presence of epithelial, borderline, and benign ovarian tumour growth, and normal ovarian growth. TGF-β1 (P = 0.121), residual tumour after surgery (P = 0.231) and standard chemotherapy (P = 0.121) were prognostic factors for EOC. There were no significant differences in clinicopathologic factors between specimens expressing TGF-β1 at low and high levels, indicating that TGF-β1 is an independent factor in EOC diagnosis. Higher concentrations of TGF-β1 (1754.690 ± 3416.487 pg/ml) and IL 10 (2731.7101 ± 6.1613 pg/ml) were observed in A2780-conditioned than in control medium.Conclusion: TGF-β1 and IL-10 play pivotal roles in EOC and can lead to immune evasion. Targeting these cytokines for tumour treatment, specifically at early stages, may prevent tumour progression.Keywords: Epithelial ovarian cancer, TGF-β1, IL-10, histopatholog

Optimal uni-local virtual quantum broadcasting

Quantum broadcasting is a cornerstone in the realm of quantum information processing and characterizes the correlations within quantum states. Nonetheless, traditional quantum broadcasting encounters inherent limitations dictated by the principles of quantum mechanics. In this work, we introduce a novel protocol known as \textit{virtual quantum broadcasting} which focuses on broadcasting measurement statistics of a target state rather than the state itself. First, we propose a universal unilocal protocol enabling multiple parties to share the expectation value for any observable in any target bipartite state. Second, we formalize the simulation cost of a virtual quantum broadcasting protocol into a semidefinite programming problem. Notably, we propose a specific protocol with optimal simulation cost for the 2-broadcasting scenario, revealing an explicit relationship between simulation cost and the quantum system's dimension. Moreover, we establish upper and lower bounds on the simulation cost of the virtual $n$-broadcasting protocol and demonstrate the convergence of the lower bound to the upper bound as the quantum system's dimension increases. Our work paves the way for new approaches to distributing quantum information, potentially advancing quantum communication and computing technologies.Comment: 11 page