Does the Market Pay Off? Earnings Inequality and Returns to Education in Urban China

The paper examines earnings inequality and earnings returns to education in China among four types of workers characterized by their labor market history. Compared to workers staying in the state sector, early market entrants no longer enjoyed advantages. The commonly observed higher earnings returns to education in the market sector are only limited to recent market entrants. This results from the aggregation of two very different types of workers: those who were "pushed" and those who "jumped" into the market in later stage of the reform. The findings challenge the prevailing wisdom that education is necessarily more highly rewarded by the market sector.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/39838/3/wp454.pd

THE STUDY OF APPLICATION OF UN·SYNCHRONIZED VIDEO CAMERAS FOR 3-D MOTION ANALYSIS

The aim of this paper is to study the error induced by the time difference of the unsynchronized (no genlock connection) video cameras while they are applied to capture video for three-dimensional motion analysis, such as in competition arena. Three synchronized video cameras were used to capture data for this study at the rate of 200fields/second in laboratory and competition field of discus events. The motion of free fall is used to analyze the error of vertical position and velocity of the object. Finally the data of discus throw is discussed at different time-delay of the cameras

The Alteration of Komatiitic and Basaltic Rocks From the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa.

Presented are three papers on the aspects of crystal chemistry, structure, and formation conditions of IIb trioctahedral chlorite and actinolite (tremolite) of low-grade metamorphism and metasomatism in the Archean Barberton greenstone belt. A fourth paper reports the pressure effect on the Na-K geothermometer, which results from the study of fluid-rock interaction during low temperature geological processes. The chemical compositions of the two Fe-Mg minerals show strong associations with the MgO\sb{\rm Rock} because MgO\sb{\rm Rock} was the least available stoichiometric component during the crystallization of the minerals. All major cation abundances in both minerals are strongly correlated with each other. A complex exchange vector explains over 90% of the chlorite compositional variation: \rm Mg\sb4SiFe\sp{2+}\sb{-3}Al\sp{VI}\sb{-1}Al\sp{IV}\sb{-1}, and a complex substitution expresses the actinolite variation: 3 parts of edenite substitution-5 parts of tschermakite substitution-2 parts of riebeckite/glaucophane substitution. A chemical composition limitation is observed, 1.5-9.2 Mg pfu and 1.0-3.2 Al\rm\sp{IV} for the chlorite and 2.5-4.5 Mg for the actinolite. The chlorite chemical variation pattern is required for the dimensional fit between the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, and between the talc-like and brucite-like layers. This is consistent with the calculation of b-dimensions and dimensional changes upon the chemical variation of the chlorite. The tetrahedral rotation $\alpha$ is not important in fitting the free structural sheets in trioctahedral chlorite. The dimensional fit also plays a role in the ordering of octahedral cations and in the limitation for the amounts of Mg and Si in chlorite. The actinolite chemical variation relates to various cation substitution mechanisms involving local charge balance and dimensional fit between the silica double chain and octahedral strip. Molal volume data can be used to derive the InK-T-P relation in considering the pressure effect for chemical geothermometers. For the Na-K exchange reaction:\eqalign{&\log K\sb2(T,P)=\cr &\log K\sb1(T,P\sb1){-}{{(9.064+\overline{V}\sp\circ\sb{Na\ {+}}-\overline{V} \sp\circ\sb{K+})(P-P\sb1)10\sp{-1}m\sp3{\cdot}bar}\over{2.303\times 8.314(J/K{\cdot}mol)T(K)}}\cr}The pressure factor is positive on equilibrium temperature within the temperature range of 0\sp\circ to 300\sp\circC and the pressure has an effect of 9\sp\circC at an equilibrium temperature of about 260\sp\circC between 1 bar and 1000 bar

Metal doped semiconductor nanocrystals and methods of making the same

Provide doped semiconductor nanocrystals and methods of making the same

Online decentralized tracking for nonlinear time-varying optimal power flow of coupled transmission-distribution grids

The coordinated alternating current optimal power flow (ACOPF) for coupled transmission-distribution grids has become crucial to handle problems related to high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs). However, obtaining all system details and solving ACOPF centrally is not feasible because of privacy concerns. Intermittent RESs and uncontrollable loads can swiftly change the operating condition of the power grid. Existing decentralized optimization methods can seldom track the optimal solutions of time-varying ACOPFs. Here, we propose an online decentralized optimization method to track the time-varying ACOPF of coupled transmission-distribution grids. First, the time-varying ACOPF problem is converted to a dynamic system based on Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions from the control perspective. Second, a prediction term denoted by the partial derivative with respect to time is developed to improve the tracking accuracy of the dynamic system. Third, a decentralized implementation for solving the dynamic system is designed based on only a few information exchanges with respect to boundary variables. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can be used to directly address nonlinear power flow equations without relying on convex relaxations or linearization techniques. Numerical test results reveal the effectiveness and fast-tracking performance of the proposed algorithm.Comment: 18 pages with 15 figure

A new micro scale FE model of crystalline materials in micro forming process

Micro forming of metals has drawn global attention due to the increasing requirement of micro metal products. However, the size effects become significant in micro forming processes and affect the application of finite element (FE) simulation of micro forming processes. Dividing samples into small areas according to their microstructures and assigning individual properties to each small area are a possible access to micro forming simulation considering material size effects. In this study, a new model that includes both grains and their boundaries was developed based on the observed microstructures of samples. The divided subareas in the model have exact shapes and sizes with real crystals on the sample, and each grain and grain boundaries have their own properties. Moreover, two modelling methods using different information from the microstructural images were introduced in detail. The two modelling methods largely increase the availability of various microstructural images. The new model provides accurate results which present the size effects well

Amorphous silica nanoparticles induce tumorigenesis via regulating ATP5H/SOD1-related oxidative stress, oxidative phosphorylation and EIF4G2/PABPC1-associated translational initiation

Background Recent studies indicate amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiNPs), one of the widely applied nanomaterials, have potential toxicity in humans and induces cell malignant transformation. However, its carcinogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study’s purpose was to investigate the underlying toxic mechanisms of amorphous SiNPs on human lung epithelial cells model by using microarray data. Methods Microarray dataset GSE82062 was collected from Gene Expression Omnibus database, including three repeats of Beas-2B exposed to amorphous SiNPs for 40 passages and three repeats of passage-matched control Beas-2B cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using linear models for microarray data method. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using data from the STRING database followed by module analysis. The miRwalk2 database was used to predict the underlying target genes of differentially miRNAs. Function enrichment analysis was performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) online tool. Results A total of 323 genes were identified as DEGs, including 280 downregulated (containing 12 pre-miRNAs) and 43 upregulated genes (containing 29 pre-miRNAs). Function enrichment indicated these genes were involved in translational initiation (i.e., eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 2 (EIF4G2), poly (A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1)), response to reactive oxygen species (i.e., superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)) and oxidative phosphorylation (i.e., ATP5H). PABPC1 (degree = 15), ATP5H (degree = 11) and SOD1 (degree = 8)] were proved to be hub genes after PPI-module analyses. ATP5H/SOD1 and EIF4G2/PABPC1 were overlapped with the target genes of differentially expressed pre-miR-3648/572/661 and pre-miR-4521. Conclusions Amorphous SiNPs may induce tumorigenesis via influencing ATP5H/SOD1-related oxidative stress, oxidative phosphorylation and EIF4G2/PABPC1-associated translational initiation which may be regulated by miR-3648/572/661 and miR-4521, respectively

Inhibition of Proteasomal Degradation of Rpn4 Impairs Nonhomologous End-Joining Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks

BACKGROUND: The proteasome homeostasis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by a negative feedback circuit in which the transcription factor Rpn4 induces the proteasome genes and is rapidly degraded by the assembled proteasome. The integrity of the Rpn4-proteasome feedback loop is critical for cell viability under stressed conditions. We have demonstrated that inhibition of Rpn4 degradation sensitizes cells to DNA damage, particularly in response to high doses of DNA damaging agents. The underlying mechanism, however, remains unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using yeast genetics and biochemical approach we show that inhibition of Rpn4 degradation displays a synthetic growth defect with deletion of the MEC1 checkpoint gene and sensitizes several checkpoint mutants to DNA damage. In addition, inhibition of Rpn4 degradation leads to a defect in repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) by nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). The expression levels of several key NHEJ genes are downregulated and the recruitment of Yku70 to a DSB is reduced by inhibition of Rpn4 degradation. We find that Rpn4 and the proteasome are recruited to a DSB, suggesting their direct participation in NHEJ. Inhibition of Rpn4 degradation may result in a concomitant delay of release of Rpn4 and the proteasome from a DSB. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first evidence for the role of proteasomal degradation of Rpn4 in NHEJ

Construction and characterization of infectious hepatitis C virus chimera containing structural proteins directly from genotype 1b clinical isolates

AbstractHCV genotype is a major determinant of clinical outcome, and GT1b HCV infection is the most difficult to treat and also the predominant genotype in East Asia and Europe. We developed 1b/JFH-1 inter-genotypic recombinants containing the structural genes (Core, E1, E2), p7 and the 1stTMD of NS2 directly from GT1b clinical isolates. Through a cloning selection strategy, we obtained 4 functional clones from 3 cases of GT1b patients' sera, which could produce infectious viruses in Huh7.5.1 cells. Sequencing analysis of recovered viruses from serial passage and reverse genetics revealed that adaptive mutations in the GT1b-originated region were enough for the enhancement of infectivity. A monoclonal antibody to E2 and original patient sera could efficiently block 3 of the viruses (26C3mt, 52B6mt and 79L9) while had little effect on 26C6mt viruses. The availability of 1b/JFH-1 chimeric viruses will be important for studies of isolate-specific neutralization and useful in evaluating antiviral therapies