Primers for chicken CD132-dependent cytokines and β-actin in the method of Real-time PCR.

<p>Primers for chicken CD132-dependent cytokines and β-actin in the method of Real-time PCR.</p

Identification of anti-chCD132 mAb bound to cellular CD132 on the SMC surface.

<p>(A) SDS-PAGE analysis of <i>Escherichia coli</i>-expressed chCD132; M, molecular weight marker; lane 1, bacterial lysates of <i>E. coli</i> BL21 (DE3) transformed with pET28a; lane 2, bacterial lysates containing rchCD132. (B) Western blot analysis of rchCD132 recognized by 6 anti-chCD132 mAbs. (C) anti-chCD132 mAb C10 recognized by chCD132 expressed on the SMC surface using indirect immunofluorescencestaining (×10).</p

Expression and transcription of chCD132 mRNAs in SPF chickens infected with IBDV.

<p>(A)–(G) represents immunohistochemical staining of bursa, thymus, and spleen of mock- and IBDV-infected chickens. (A) IBDV antigens (brown) in bursa lymph follicles (red, round); (B) Bursa lymph follicles of IBDV-infected chicken unrecognized by anti-chCD132 mAb; (C) Thymus of IBDV-infected chicken unrecognized by anti-chCD132 mAb; (D) ChCD132 antigens in spleen of IBDV-infected chicken unrecognized by anti-chCD132 mAb; (E)–(G) Bursa, thymus and spleen of mock-infected chickens un-reactive with anti-chCD132 mAb; (H) chCD132 mRNA transcription in bursa, thymus, and spleen of chicken infected with IBDV. Samples were normalized with the β-actin gene as a negative control, and uninfected SPF chicken as a reference. All samples were assayed in triplicate and the values are expressed as −ΔΔCT ± SD.</p

The mRNA abundance and protein expression of chCD132 on an IBDV-infected CEF monolayer.

<p>CEFs were infected with IBDV a 100 TCID dose of the eNB virus. (A)–(C) Double-stained immunofluorescence images with anti-chCD132 mAb (red) and chicken serum (green) to IBDV under laser confocal microscopy. (A), (B) and (C) There is no chCD132 (red) expression in IBDV- and mock-infected CEF. (D) Transcription kinetics of chCD132 analyzed by qRT-PCR. Samples were normalized with the β-actin gene as a control and uninfected CEF at each time point as a reference. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. Values are expressed as −ΔΔCT ± SD.</p

Kinetics of γ_c cytokines mRNA expression in chicken immune tissues during infection measured by qRT-PCR.

<p>Samples from spleen, thymus, and bursa were normalized with the β-actin gene as a control. All cDNAs were assayed in triplicate. The values are expressed as −ΔΔCT ± SD.</p

Periodic Arrays of Metal Nanoclusters on Ultrathin Fe-Oxide Films Modulated by Metal-Oxide Interactions

Rational design of highly stable and active metal catalysts requires a deep understanding of metal–support interactions at the atomic scale. Here, ultrathin films of FeO and FeO2–x grown on Pt(111) are used as templates for the construction of well-defined metal nanoclusters. Periodic arrays of Cu clusters in the form of monomers and trimers are preferentially located at FCC domains of FeO/Pt(111) surface, while the selective location of Cu clusters at FeO2 domains is observed on FeO2–x/Pt(111) surface. The preferential nucleation and formation of well-ordered Cu clusters are driven by different interactions of Cu with the Fe oxide domains in the sequence of FeO2-FCC > FeO-FCC > FeO-HCP > FeO-TOP, which is further validated by density functional theory calculations. It has been revealed that the p-band center as a reactivity descriptor of surface O atoms determines the interaction between metal adatoms and Fe oxides. The modulated metal-oxide interaction provides guidance for the rational design of supported single-atom and nanocluster catalysts