Baseline characteristics of participants of included studies.

<p>The studies by woodman (2003), Skulas-Ray (2011) and Moertl (2011) include two intervention groups with different fish oil doses separately, and the study by Sanders (2011) includes three intervention groups with different fish oil doses. The studies by Hill (2007) and Wright (2008) each contain two comparisons with different fish oil treatment durations.</p><p>BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; PAD, peripheral artery disease; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CHF, chronic heart failure; NR, not reported.</p

Baseline characteristics of prospective cohort studies included in the meta-analysis of orthostatic hypotension and incident heart failure.

<p>BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; CAD, coronary artery disease; OH, orthostatic hypotension; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure.</p

Characteristics of study design of included studies.

<p>The studies by woodman (2003), Skulas-Ray (2011) and Moertl (2011) include two intervention groups with different fish oil doses separately, and the study by Sanders (2011) includes three intervention groups with different fish oil doses. The studies by Hill (2007) and Wright (2008) each contain two comparisons with different fish oil treatment durations.</p><p>DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; R, randomized; PC, placebo-controlled; DB, double-blinded; SB, single-blinded; CO, crossover.</p

Characteristics associated with net change in flow-mediated dilation: univariate meta-regression analysis.

<p>FMD, flow-mediated dilation; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid.</p

Adjusted hazard ratio of congestive heart failure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension at baseline compared those without orthostatic hypotension.

<p>CI, denotes confidence interval; the size of each square is proportional to the study’s weight (inverse of variance – IV).</p

Adjusted hazard ratio of congestive heart failure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension at baseline compared those without orthostatic hypotension stratified by the comorbidities of hypertension (A) and diabetes mellitus (B) of the subjects.

<p>CI, denotes confidence interval; the size of each square is proportional to the study’s weight (inverse of variance – IV).</p

Sensitivity analysis.

<p>HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p

Flow diagram of the study selection procedure.

<p>Flow diagram of the study selection procedure.</p

Adjusted hazard ratio of congestive heart failure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension at baseline compared those without orthostatic hypotension stratified by the age ranges (A) and gender (B) of the subjects.

<p>CI, denotes confidence interval; the size of each square is proportional to the study’s weight (inverse of variance – IV).</p

Funnel plots with trim and fill.

<p>The black dots present the identified studies included in the meta-analysis; the empty dot presents the estimated missing study after adjustment for publication bias.</p