Snapshots of (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel-phase DPPC, and (D) fluid-phase bilayers at zero tension states.

<p>Snapshots of (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel-phase DPPC, and (D) fluid-phase bilayers at zero tension states.</p

Snapshots of the evolution of DMPC vesicle formation.

<p>The last snapshot is the cross-sectional view of a cut vesicle, with explicit inner (yellow) and outer (green) water.</p

Snapshots of (A) DMPC and (B) DPPC (simulated at temperature <i>T</i> = 1) bilayers under stretching.

<p>Snapshots of (A) DMPC and (B) DPPC (simulated at temperature <i>T</i> = 1) bilayers under stretching.</p

Relationship between Flory-Huggins parameters and repulsion parameters.

<p>(A): Normalized density profiles for bicomponent system at repulsion parameters <i>a</i>_<i>AA</i> = <i>A</i>_<i>BB</i> = 100 and <i>a</i>_<i>AB</i> = 110 (dashed lines) and <i>a</i>_<i>AB</i> = 113 (solid lines). (B): Relationship between excess repulsion and effective <i>χ</i>-parameter obtained at various <i>a</i>_<i>ii</i>. The straight lines are the linear fittings to the data. (C): The constants of proportionality <i>λ</i> extracted from linear fitting in (B) at various <i>a</i>_<i>ii</i>.</p

Equilibrium bond lengths, angles, and force parameters for DMPC lipid.

<p>Equilibrium bond lengths, angles, and force parameters for DMPC lipid.</p

Structural properties of phospholipids bilayers: membrane thickness <i>L</i>_<i>mem</i>, area per lipid <i>a</i>₀, and orientation order of the hydrocarbon chain <i>S</i>_<i>chain</i> as well as elastic properties: bending rigidity <i>κ</i> and rupture tension Σ_<i>r</i>.

<p>Structural properties of phospholipids bilayers: membrane thickness <i>L</i>_<i>mem</i>, area per lipid <i>a</i>₀, and orientation order of the hydrocarbon chain <i>S</i>_<i>chain</i> as well as elastic properties: bending rigidity <i>κ</i> and rupture tension Σ_<i>r</i>.</p

Density profiles of (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel-phase DPPC, and (D) fluid-phase DPPC bilayers at zero tension states.

<p>Density profiles of (A) DMPC, (B) DOPC, (C) gel-phase DPPC, and (D) fluid-phase DPPC bilayers at zero tension states.</p

Membrane tension Σ as a function of the projected area per lipid <i>a</i>_<i>prj</i> for DMPC, DOPC, and gel-phase DPPC bilayers.

<p>Membrane tension Σ as a function of the projected area per lipid <i>a</i>_<i>prj</i> for DMPC, DOPC, and gel-phase DPPC bilayers.</p

Potential of mean forces for DMPC, DOPC, and DPPC lipid flip-flop in a DMPC, DOPC, and DPPC bilayer, respectively.

<p>Potential of mean forces for DMPC, DOPC, and DPPC lipid flip-flop in a DMPC, DOPC, and DPPC bilayer, respectively.</p

DPD force parameters <i>a</i>_<i>ij</i> (<i>k</i>_<i>B</i><i>T</i>/<i>r</i>₀).

<p>DPD force parameters <i>a</i>_<i>ij</i> (<i>k</i>_<i>B</i><i>T</i>/<i>r</i>₀).</p