DETERMINANTS OF GRASSLAND USE RIGHT TRANSFER IN INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: EVIDENCE FROM PASTORAL CHINA

This paper focuses on factors influencing grassland lease, which will contribute to the heated debate about land use in China by extending to more extensive and vulnerable grassland regions. Based on review of grassland institutional change and analysis of data from 12 villages, this paper examines the impact of variables such as grassland property rights, grazing policies and physical attributes of actors on grassland lease. This paper also draws attention to widely existed illegal grazing and the implementation of grazing quota, as well as their impact on grassland lease and governance.Land Use, Land Ownership and Tenure, Grassland lease, China, Landnutzen, Landbesitz, Graslandleasing, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance, Land Economics/Use,

A Study on the Psychological Characteristics and Intervention of “Lie Flat” Young College Students in Xi’an China

In the past two years, the term “Lying flat” has become popular rapidly. Lacking willpower, academic anxiety, employment pressure and other factors are the reasons for young people gradually lying flat. In order to escape the standard of success of social monism, people who immersed in the virtual world isolated themselves in the personal world. In order to ignore the external voices, they covered their ears. Rather than say not caring about the outside world’s opinions, they are more likely to be stubborn in their own “Intention”. The times are progressing. Young people are also the followers of the times and the trailblazers in life. Our young people should strive for self-improvement, keep the fervour for life, and pay attention to the psychology of the “Lying down” young people, it is of great significance to interfere with the growth of “Lying flat” youth, we should face up to the spiritual essence reflected by the phenomenon of “Lying flat”. The posture of the striver is always the same in the turn of the times. It is necessary to create a fair competition environment, strengthen the psychological supervision of the youth, and establish correct values, thus helping the “Lying flat” youth change into the “Struggling” youth

Tsc1 Regulates the Balance Between Osteoblast and Adipocyte Differentiation Through Autophagy/Notch1/βâ Catenin Cascade

A reduction in trabecular bone mass is often associated with an increase in marrow fat in osteoporotic bones. The molecular mechanisms underlying this inverse correlation are incompletely understood. Here, we report that mice lacking tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) in Osterixâ expressing cells had a significant decrease in trabecular bone mass characterized by decreased osteoblastogenesis, increased osteoclastogenesis, and increased bone marrow adiposity in vivo. In vitro study showed that Tsc1â deficient bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) had decreased proliferation, decreased osteogenic differentiation, and increased adipogenic differentiation in association with the downregulation of Wnt/βâ catenin signaling. Mechanistically, TSC1 deficiency led to autophagy suppression and consequent Notch1 protein increase, which mediated the GSK3βâ independent βâ catenin degradation. Together, our results indicate that Tsc1 controls the balance between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation of BMSCs. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146652/1/jbmr3530-sup-0001-SuppData-S1.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146652/2/jbmr3530_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/146652/3/jbmr3530.pd

A Novel YY1-miR-1 Regulatory Circuit in Skeletal Myogenesis Revealed by Genome-Wide Prediction of YY1-miRNA Network

microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, and mounting evidence supports the prevalence and functional significance of their interplay with transcription factors (TFs). Here we describe the identification of a regulatory circuit between muscle miRNAs (miR-1, miR-133 and miR-206) and Yin Yang 1 (YY1), an epigenetic repressor of skeletal myogenesis in mouse. Genome-wide identification of potential down-stream targets of YY1 by combining computational prediction with expression profiling data reveals a large number of putative miRNA targets of YY1 during skeletal myoblasts differentiation into myotubes with muscle miRs ranking on top of the list. The subsequent experimental results demonstrate that YY1 indeed represses muscle miRs expression in myoblasts and the repression is mediated through multiple enhancers and recruitment of Polycomb complex to several YY1 binding sites. YY1 regulating miR-1 is functionally important for both C2C12 myogenic differentiation and injury-induced muscle regeneration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that miR-1 in turn targets YY1, thus forming a negative feedback loop. Together, these results identify a novel regulatory circuit required for skeletal myogenesis and reinforce the idea that regulatory circuitries involving miRNAs and TFs are prevalent mechanisms

Observation of Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi in Clinical Skin Samples under Transmission Electron Microscopy

The highlight of this chapter is the description of the clinical manifestation and its pathogen and the host tissue damage observed under the transmission electron microscopy, which helps the clinician understand the pathogen’s ultrastructure, the change of host sub-cell structure, and helps the laboratory workers understand the pathogen-induced human skin lesions’ clinical characteristics, to establish a two-way learning exchange database with vivid images

Analysis of five deep-sequenced trio-genomes of the Peninsular Malaysia Orang Asli and North Borneo populations

BackgroundRecent advances in genomic technologies have facilitated genome-wide investigation of human genetic variations. However, most efforts have focused on the major populations, yet trio genomes of indigenous populations from Southeast Asia have been under-investigated.ResultsWe analyzed the whole-genome deep sequencing data (30x) of five native trios from Peninsular Malaysia and North Borneo, and characterized the genomic variants, including single nucleotide variants (SNVs), small insertions and deletions (indels) and copy number variants (CNVs). We discovered approximately 6.9 million SNVs, 1.2 million indels, and 9000 CNVs in the 15 samples, of which 2.7% SNVs, 2.3% indels and 22% CNVs were novel, implying the insufficient coverage of population diversity in existing databases. We identified a higher proportion of novel variants in the Orang Asli (OA) samples, i.e., the indigenous people from Peninsular Malaysia, than that of the North Bornean (NB) samples, likely due to more complex demographic history and long-time isolation of the OA groups. We used the pedigree information to identify de novo variants and estimated the autosomal mutation rates to be 0.81x10(-8) - 1.33x10(-8), 1.0x10(-9) - 2.9x10(-9), and 0.001 per site per generation for SNVs, indels, and CNVs, respectively. The trio-genomes also allowed for haplotype phasing with high accuracy, which serves as references to the future genomic studies of OA and NB populations. In addition, high-frequency inherited CNVs specific to OA or NB were identified. One example is a 50-kb duplication in DEFA1B detected only in the Negrito trios, implying plausible effects on host defense against the exposure of diverse microbial in tropical rainforest environment of these hunter-gatherers. The CNVs shared between OA and NB groups were much fewer than those specific to each group. Nevertheless, we identified a 142-kb duplication in AMY1A in all the 15 samples, and this gene is associated with the high-starch diet. Moreover, novel insertions shared with archaic hominids were identified in our samples.ConclusionOur study presents a full catalogue of the genome variants of the native Malaysian populations, which is a complement of the genome diversity in Southeast Asians. It implies specific population history of the native inhabitants, and demonstrated the necessity of more genome sequencing efforts on the multi-ethnic native groups of Malaysia and Southeast Asia