351 research outputs found
Extrauterine adenomyoma of the liver with a focally cellular smooth muscle component occurring in a patient with a history of myomectomy: case report and review of the literature
VIRTUAL SLIDES: The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1327125766102291. Since first reported in 1986, 14 cases of extrauterine adenomyoma have been reported in the English literature, most often occurring in the ovaries. In this report, we present the first case of extrauterine adenomyoma involving the liver in a 29-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of low back pain with recent worsening and a history of laparoscopic myomectomy 5Â years previously. Gross inspection of the specimen revealed a subcapsular mass that had a well-circumscribed margin with the adjacent liver tissue. By histopathologic examination, the multilobular mass was composed of a smooth muscle component and benign endometrioid glands and stroma. The smooth muscle component was focally cellular, and the endometrioid glands had secretory features. Both the smooth muscle component and endometrioid tissue were positive for ER and PR. The smooth muscle component was also positive for desmin and SMA, while the endometrioid stroma was positive for CD10. Other extrauterine lesions composed of a mixture of smooth muscle tissue and heterotopic endometrioid tissue, including endometriosis with a smooth muscle component, leiomyomatosis/leiomyomas associated with endometriosis and uterus-like masses, should be included in differential diagnoses. The patient was free from recurrence 5Â months after liver tumor resection
Acoustic Tweezing Cytometry Induces Rapid Initiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.
Mechanical forces play critical roles in influencing human embryonic stem cell (hESC) fate. However, it remains largely uncharacterized how local mechanical forces influence hESC behavior in vitro. Here, we used an ultrasound (US) technique, acoustic tweezing cytometry (ATC), to apply targeted cyclic subcellular forces to hESCs via integrin-bound microbubbles (MBs). We found that ATC-mediated cyclic forces applied for 30 min to hESCs near the edge of a colony induced immediate global responses throughout the colony, suggesting the importance of cell-cell connection in the mechanoresponsiveness of hESCs to ATC-applied forces. ATC application generated increased contractile force, enhanced calcium activity, as well as decreased expression of pluripotency transcription factors Oct4 and Nanog, leading to rapid initiation of hESC differentiation and characteristic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) events that depend on focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and cytoskeleton (CSK) tension. These results reveal a unique, rapid mechanoresponsiveness and community behavior of hESCs to integrin-targeted cyclic forces
Exploring the Influence of Information Entropy Change in Learning Systems
In this work, we explore the influence of entropy change in deep learning
systems by adding noise to the inputs/latent features. The applications in this
paper focus on deep learning tasks within computer vision, but the proposed
theory can be further applied to other fields. Noise is conventionally viewed
as a harmful perturbation in various deep learning architectures, such as
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), as well as
different learning tasks like image classification and transfer learning.
However, this paper aims to rethink whether the conventional proposition always
holds. We demonstrate that specific noise can boost the performance of various
deep architectures under certain conditions. We theoretically prove the
enhancement gained from positive noise by reducing the task complexity defined
by information entropy and experimentally show the significant performance gain
in large image datasets, such as the ImageNet. Herein, we use the information
entropy to define the complexity of the task. We categorize the noise into two
types, positive noise (PN) and harmful noise (HN), based on whether the noise
can help reduce the complexity of the task. Extensive experiments of CNNs and
ViTs have shown performance improvements by proactively injecting positive
noise, where we achieved an unprecedented top 1 accuracy of over 95% on
ImageNet. Both theoretical analysis and empirical evidence have confirmed that
the presence of positive noise can benefit the learning process, while the
traditionally perceived harmful noise indeed impairs deep learning models. The
different roles of noise offer new explanations for deep models on specific
tasks and provide a new paradigm for improving model performance. Moreover, it
reminds us that we can influence the performance of learning systems via
information entropy change.Comment: Information Entropy, CNN, Transforme
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing shotgun for the diagnosis of infection in connective tissue diseases: A retrospective study
ObjectivePatients with connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are at high risk of infection due to various reasons. The purpose of the study was to investigate the infection diagnosis value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) shotgun in CTDs to guide the use of anti-infective therapy more quickly and accurately.MethodsIn this retrospective study, a total of 103 patients with CTDs admitted with suspected infection between December 2018 and September 2021 were assessed using mNGS as well as conventional microbiological tests (CMT).ResultsAmong these 103 patients, 65 were confirmed to have an infection (Group I) and 38 had no infection (Group II). mNGS reached a sensitivity of 92.31% in diagnosing pathogens in Group I. Moreover, mNGS showed good performance in identifying mixed infection. In all infection types, lung infection was the most common. mNGS also played an important role in detecting Pneumocystis jirovecii, which was associated with low CD4+ T-cell counts inextricably.ConclusionmNGS is a useful tool with outstanding diagnostic potential in identifying pathogens in patients with CTDs and conduce to provide guidance in clinical practice
Reliability Analysis of Vision Transformers
Vision Transformers (ViTs) that leverage self-attention mechanism have shown
superior performance on many classical vision tasks compared to convolutional
neural networks (CNNs) and gain increasing popularity recently. Existing ViTs
works mainly optimize performance and accuracy, but ViTs reliability issues
induced by soft errors in large-scale VLSI designs have generally been
overlooked. In this work, we mainly study the reliability of ViTs and
investigate the vulnerability from different architecture granularities ranging
from models, layers, modules, and patches for the first time. The investigation
reveals that ViTs with the self-attention mechanism are generally more
resilient on linear computing including general matrix-matrix multiplication
(GEMM) and full connection (FC) and show a relatively even vulnerability
distribution across the patches. ViTs involve more fragile non-linear computing
such as softmax and GELU compared to typical CNNs. With the above observations,
we propose a lightweight block-wise algorithm-based fault tolerance (LB-ABFT)
approach to protect the linear computing implemented with distinct sizes of
GEMM and apply a range-based protection scheme to mitigate soft errors in
non-linear computing. According to our experiments, the proposed fault-tolerant
approaches enhance ViTs accuracy significantly with minor computing overhead in
presence of various soft errors
Fatigue Detection for Ship OOWs Based on Input Data Features, from The Perspective of Comparison with Vehicle Drivers: A Review
Ninety percent of the world’s cargo is transported by sea, and the fatigue of ship officers of the watch (OOWs) contributes significantly to maritime accidents. The fatigue detection of ship OOWs is more difficult than that of vehicles drivers owing to an increase in the automation degree. In this study, research progress pertaining to fatigue detection in OOWs is comprehensively analysed based on a comparison with that in vehicle drivers. Fatigue detection techniques for OOWs are organised based on input sources, which include the physiological/behavioural features of OOWs, vehicle/ship features, and their comprehensive features. Prerequisites for detecting fatigue in OOWs are summarised. Subsequently, various input features applicable and existing applications to the fatigue detection of OOWs are proposed, and their limitations are analysed. The results show that the reliability of the acquired feature data is insufficient for detecting fatigue in OOWs, as well as a non-negligible invasive effect on OOWs. Hence, low-invasive physiological information pertaining to the OOWs, behaviour videos, and multisource feature data of ship characteristics should be used as inputs in future studies to realise quantitative, accurate, and real-time fatigue detections in OOWs on actual ships
Exploring Winograd Convolution for Cost-effective Neural Network Fault Tolerance
Winograd is generally utilized to optimize convolution performance and
computational efficiency because of the reduced multiplication operations, but
the reliability issues brought by winograd are usually overlooked. In this
work, we observe the great potential of winograd convolution in improving
neural network (NN) fault tolerance. Based on the observation, we evaluate
winograd convolution fault tolerance comprehensively from different
granularities ranging from models, layers, and operation types for the first
time. Then, we explore the use of inherent fault tolerance of winograd
convolution for cost-effective NN protection against soft errors. Specifically,
we mainly investigate how winograd convolution can be effectively incorporated
with classical fault-tolerant design approaches including triple modular
redundancy (TMR), fault-aware retraining, and constrained activation functions.
According to our experiments, winograd convolution can reduce the
fault-tolerant design overhead by 55.77\% on average without any accuracy loss
compared to standard convolution, and further reduce the computing overhead by
17.24\% when the inherent fault tolerance of winograd convolution is
considered. When it is applied on fault-tolerant neural networks enhanced with
fault-aware retraining and constrained activation functions, the resulting
model accuracy generally shows significant improvement in presence of various
faults
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