3 research outputs found
One-Pot Synthesis and Structure–Property Relationship of Aminomaleimides: Fluorescence Efficiencies in Monomers and Aggregates Easily Tuned by Switch of Aryl and Alkyl
Organic
fluorophores have attracted great interest owing to their
wide applications. They usually contain an electron-conjugated system
with an aromatic moiety and show high emission in dilute solutions
but weaker or even no emission upon aggregation. Here, a simple one-pot,
three-component reaction (3CR) (method I) for the synthesis of various
di- and monosubstituted aminomaleimides (DAMIs and MAMIs) has been
developed, and the reported 3CR (method II) has been found to be efficient
only for the synthesis of MAMIs with R<sup>2</sup> = alkyl. Twelve
AMIs were designed and synthesized for investigation of the influence
of structures on their optical properties in monomers and aggregates.
It was found that alkyl MAMIs, alkyl DAMIs, and aryl AMIs/DAMIs show
very different fluorescence efficiencies in different solvents, and
only MAMIs with butyl and oleyl show high emissions in powders similar
to those in nonpolar solutions. Single-crystal structures indicate
that their fluorescence efficiencies in aggregates mainly correlate
with molecular packing modes. The efficient synthesis method, the
sensitive fluorescence on–off response to protic solvents or
polar solvents, and the unusual high emissions of AMI without any
aromatic moiety in both monomer and aggregates are expected to attract
great interest in the fields of application and theory
Development of Four-Component Synthesis of Tetra- and Pentasubstituted Polyfunctional Dihydropyrroles: Free Permutation and Combination of Aromatic and Aliphatic Amines
We previously reported the novel
efficient proton/heat-promoted
four-component reactions (4CRs) of but-2-ynedioates, two same/different
primary amines, and aldehydes for the <b>s</b>ynthesis of tetra-
and pentasubstituted polyfunctional dihydropyrroles. If aromatic and
aliphatic amines were used as reagents, four different series of products
should be obtained via the permutation and combination of aromatic
and aliphatic primary amines. However, only three/two rather four
different series of tetra-/pentasubstisuted dihydropyrroles could
be prepared via the proton/heat-promoted 4CRs. Herein, CuÂ(OAc)<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, a Lewis acid being stable in air and
water, was found to be an efficient catalyst for the 4CR synthesis
of all the four different series of tetra-/pentasubstisuted dihydropyrroles.
The copper-catalyzed 4CR could produce target products at room temperature
in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, benzaldehyde, in addition
to being used as a useful reactant for the synthesis of pentasubstituted
dihydropyrroles, was found to be an excellent additive for preventing
the oxidation of aromatic amines with copperÂ(II) and ensuring the
sooth conduct of the 4CRs for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted dihydropyrroles
with aryl R<sup>3</sup>. In addition, salicylic acid was found to
be needed to increase the activities and yields of the copper-catalyzed
4CRs for the synthesis of petasubstituted diyhydropyrroles. On the
basis of experimental results, the enamination/amidation/intramolecular
cyclization mechanism was proposed and amidation is expected to be
the rate-limited step in the copper-catalyzed 4CRs
Development of Four-Component Synthesis of Tetra- and Pentasubstituted Polyfunctional Dihydropyrroles: Free Permutation and Combination of Aromatic and Aliphatic Amines
We previously reported the novel
efficient proton/heat-promoted
four-component reactions (4CRs) of but-2-ynedioates, two same/different
primary amines, and aldehydes for the <b>s</b>ynthesis of tetra-
and pentasubstituted polyfunctional dihydropyrroles. If aromatic and
aliphatic amines were used as reagents, four different series of products
should be obtained via the permutation and combination of aromatic
and aliphatic primary amines. However, only three/two rather four
different series of tetra-/pentasubstisuted dihydropyrroles could
be prepared via the proton/heat-promoted 4CRs. Herein, CuÂ(OAc)<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, a Lewis acid being stable in air and
water, was found to be an efficient catalyst for the 4CR synthesis
of all the four different series of tetra-/pentasubstisuted dihydropyrroles.
The copper-catalyzed 4CR could produce target products at room temperature
in good to excellent yields. Interestingly, benzaldehyde, in addition
to being used as a useful reactant for the synthesis of pentasubstituted
dihydropyrroles, was found to be an excellent additive for preventing
the oxidation of aromatic amines with copperÂ(II) and ensuring the
sooth conduct of the 4CRs for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted dihydropyrroles
with aryl R<sup>3</sup>. In addition, salicylic acid was found to
be needed to increase the activities and yields of the copper-catalyzed
4CRs for the synthesis of petasubstituted diyhydropyrroles. On the
basis of experimental results, the enamination/amidation/intramolecular
cyclization mechanism was proposed and amidation is expected to be
the rate-limited step in the copper-catalyzed 4CRs