Enhancement adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution on polypyrrole using ethylamine group

<p>A novel nanospheres adsorbent was successfully prepared using functionalized 1H-Pyrrole-1-ethanamine by homopolymerization. It could be easily protonated to form double-charged repeating structural units on the surface of nanospheres. The physic-chemical properties were characterized by SEM, TGA, XPS and Zeta potential. The effects of initial pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and ionic strength were studied in detail. The maximum adsorption capacity of Chromium(VI) was about 729.09 mg g⁻¹ at room temperature. Electrostatic attraction played an important role in the adsorption process and the size of the ion group had a greater effect on the adsorption performance than the charge.</p

Fluid mechanics parameters of flow in mouse great arteries.

<p>a) Reynolds numbers of flow in specific arteries, averaged along the entire arterial centerline, at different developmental stages. DAo: descending aorta; AAo: ascending aorta and aortic arch; PT: pulmonary trunk including the <i>ductus arteriosus</i>. b) Peak flow streamlines in the great arteries of embryonic mouse at E14.5 (left) and fetal mice at E17.5 (right). c) Normalized helicity iso-surfaces in the flow in great arteries of embryonic and fetal mice of various developmental stages, showing the development of classical Dean flow in the great arteries. There was a general increase helicity over age, and equal intensity in right-handed (red, normalized helicity = 0.2) and left-handed (blue, normalized helicity = −0.2) helical structures.</p

Core circadian clock protein expression in wild-type, coneless and rodeless retinas.

<p>Typical examples of vertical sections of wild-type C57Bl/6J (<b><i>A–A’””</i></b>), coneless (<b><i>B–B’””</i></b>), and rodeless (<b><i>C–C’””</i></b>) retinas immunolabeled for each of the following core clock proteins: CLOCK (<b><i>A–C</i></b>), BMAL1 (<b><i>A’–C’</i></b>), NPAS2 (<b><i>A”–C”</i></b>), PER1 (<b><i>A’”–C’”</i></b>), PER2 (<b><i>A””–C””</i></b>), and CRY2 (<b><i>A’””–C’””</i></b>). Retinal tissue was collected around ZT09. For a given clock protein antibody, confocal settings were adjusted on the brightest picture and the 2 other sections were taken at the same settings. Note that clock protein expression in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) is detected in a few cells in the wild-type retina (vertical arrows) and in most cells in the rodless retina (oblique arrows), but is very weak in the coneless retina. OPL: outer plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; GCL: ganglion cell layer. Optical sections 3×0.4 µm. Bar is 10 µm.</p

Mouse great arterial wall shear stress.

<p>Typical peak-flow wall shear stress contour diagrams of great arteries, (a) plotted on actual vascular geometries, and (b) plotted as in an “unwrapped” manner as shear stress maps: contours are plotted as a function of distance from the aortic root or pulmonary root (vertical axis) and circumferential angle (horizontal axis). Black bars in each panel in (a) denotes 500 microns. In (b), the top row are for the aorta (ascending and descending), while the bottom row are for the pulmonary trunk – <i>ductus arteriosus</i>. The right half of each map corresponds to the superior surface of the aortic arch and pulmonary trunk, or the dorsal surface of the descending aorta, and vice-versa for the left half. The holes in the map indicate locations of artery branches. PT: pulmonary trunk; DAr: ductus arteriosus; LSC: left subclavian; LCC: left common carotid; Innom: innominate; PA: Pulmonary artery.</p

Mammalian core circadian clock protein expression in amacrine and ganglion cells of the mouse retina.

<p>Typical examples of vertical sections of mouse retinas collected between ZT02 and ZT06 and double labeled for one of the following clock proteins: CLOCK (<b><i>A–C</i></b>), BMAL1 (<b><i>A’–C’</i></b>), NPAS2 (<b><i>A”–C”</i></b>), PER1 (<b><i>A’”–C’”</i></b>), PER2 (<b><i>A””–C””</i></b>), and CRY2 (<b><i>A’””–C’””</i></b>) and one of the following protein markers: ChAT (starburst amacrine cells; <b><i>A</i></b>), Brn3b (most ganglion cells; <b><i>B</i></b>), and eGFP (ipRGCs; <b><i>C</i></b>) (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050602#pone-0050602-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for details about the antibodies). The concurrent expression of CLOCK, BMAL1, NPAS2, PER1, PER2, and CRY2 was found in all identified neurons. Note also that all the clock proteins are expressed in the ON starburst amacrine cells whose cell body is located in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), indicating that both GCs and displaced amacrine cells in the GCL express the core components of the mammalian clock. Clock protein expression in ipRGCs was confirmed with the AB-N38 antibody (data not illustrated), although this antibody only labeled M1 and M2 ipRGC subtypes. Some double-labeled retinal neurons are shown (arrows). Abbreviations and bar as in Fig. 3.</p

COSINOR analysis of core circadian clock component expression in cones and dopaminergic amacrine cells.

<p>COSINOR regression analysis was performed on the data illustrated in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0050602#pone-0050602-g007" target="_blank">Figure 7</a> and only for clock protein levels displaying significant temporal variation over the course of a LD or DD cycle (as determined by one-way ANOVA; <i>P</i><0.05). The regression coefficients (a, b, and c) are given with their respective standard error estimates.</p>*<p>: <i>P</i><0.05 compared to respective LD value (Student <i>t</i>-test).</p

Variation of geometric and mechanics parameters across different vessel sizes.

<p>(a) Wall shear stress, (b) wall shear rate, and (c) centerline velocity averaged for specific vessels, plotted against average cross sectional area of the same vessel. Data for all ages between E14.5 and E18.5 were plotted. Correlation and regression analysis were performed for data for all three vessels cumulatively. AAo: ascending aorta; DAo: descending aorta; PT: pulmonary trunk and the <i>ductus arteriosus</i>.</p

List of the antibodies used in this study.

*<p>: antibodies against clock proteins that we used for the semi-quantitative analysis of clock protein expression in mouse retina.</p>**<p>: we determined that the cARR antibody labeled all cones in the mouse retina, included the blue cones, in double labeling experiments with the blue opsin antibody (Chemicon-Millipore, AB5407).</p

Mouse great arterial wall shear stress variation along the length of the arteries.

<p>These plots show how wall shear parameters change from one cross section to the next, moving along the vascular centerline from the great arterial roots to the distal descending aorta. The vertical axis denotes a wall shear parameter, which is either wall shear stress (a, c) or wall shear rate (b, d); and the horizontal axis denotes the location on the centerline of vessels. Wall shear parameters are averaged over the entire cross section at each vascular centerline location. In plots (a) and (b), the horizontal axis denotes the centerline trajectory from the aortic root boundary to the aortic isthmus to the thoracic descending aorta boundary; while in plots (c) and (d), the horizontal axis denotes the centerline trajectory from the pulmonary root boundary to the ductus arteriosus to the thoracic descending aorta boundary. Centerline distance from the aortic/pulmonary roots were scaled such that the geometric landmarks such as the locations of arterial branches could be plotted at the same location across different ages to allow comparisons of features across different gestation stages.</p

Detailed analysis of geometric parameters along the length of great arteries.

<p>These plots show how geometric parameters change from one cross section to the next, moving along the vascular centerline from the great arterial roots to the distal descending aorta. In these plots, the vertical axis denotes a geometric parameter, which is either vascular cross sectional area (a,b) or vascular cross sectional aspect ratio (c,d); and the horizontal axis denotes the location on the centerline of vessels. In plots (a) and (c), the horizontal axis denotes the centerline trajectory from the aortic root boundary to the aortic isthmus to the thoracic descending aorta boundary; while in plots (b) and (d), the horizontal axis denotes the centerline trajectory from the pulmonary root boundary to the ductus arteriosus to the thoracic descending aorta boundary. All centerline distances were scaled to fit the plot, such that locations of arterial branches align and comparisons between different development stages could be performed.</p