DataSheet1_Drivers of spatiotemporal disparities in the supply-demand budget of ecosystem services: A case study in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration, China.docx

Assessing the spatiotemporal patterns of ecosystem services (ESs) supply and demand, as well as the drivers thereof during specific time periods, is critical for regional policy making and sustainable management. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration of China as an example, we studied four ES supply-demand budgets: carbon storage, water provision, food provision and soil conservation from 2000 to 2015. Through the geodetector model, canonical analysis and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model, the drivers of the ES supply-demand budget were explored. The results showed that the areas supplying high amounts of ESs in the northern region usually did not overlap those areas consuming intensive ESs, which were mainly distributed in metropolitan areas. The anthropological factors, including per capita gross domestic product (Per.GDP) and population density (POP.Den), were the dominant influencing factors for the imbalance between the supply and demand of carbon storage, water provision and food provision, which were mainly distributed in the central and southern regions of the study area. Geomorphological factors (ELE and SLO) were the key driving factors of soil conservation, which was mainly distributed in the eastern regions. In all, our findings could provide comprehensive information for decision-making and ES management.</p

The mean proportion of steps correctly recalled across four trials in the co-thought gesture, drawing, hand movement prevented and no rehearsal conditions.

<p>The mean proportion of steps correctly recalled across four trials in the co-thought gesture, drawing, hand movement prevented and no rehearsal conditions.</p

The mean proportion of steps correctly recalled in the co-thought gesture in the air, co-thought gesture on paper, drawing, hand movement prevented and no rehearsal conditions.

<p>The mean proportion of steps correctly recalled in the co-thought gesture in the air, co-thought gesture on paper, drawing, hand movement prevented and no rehearsal conditions.</p

A route navigating from the starting point to the destination. The red line shows the sequence of steps.

<p>A route navigating from the starting point to the destination. The red line shows the sequence of steps.</p

Appendices A to G for “Study protocol: How does cognitive flexibility relate to other executive functions and learning in healthy young adults?”.

Appendices A to G for “Study protocol: How does cognitive flexibility relate to other executive functions and learning in healthy young adults?”.</p

Illustration of a subset of cognitive tasks used in the CLIC adult characterization study.

For key constructs of interest, such as cognitive flexibility and creativity, we administer multiple tasks to improve measurement validity. See Appendix D in S1 File for the full task list and details.</p

Study administration Part I and Part II summary.

BackgroundCognitive flexibility (CF) enables individuals to readily shift from one concept or mode of practice/thoughts to another in response to changes in the environment and feedback, making CF vital to optimise success in obtaining goals. However, how CF relates to other executive functions (e.g., working memory, response inhibition), mental abilities (e.g., creativity, literacy, numeracy, intelligence, structure learning), and social factors (e.g., multilingualism, tolerance of uncertainty, perceived social support, social decision-making) is less well understood. The current study aims to (1) establish the construct validity of CF in relation to other executive function skills and intelligence, and (2) elucidate specific relationships between CF, structure learning, creativity, career decision making and planning, and other life skills.MethodsThis study will recruit up to 400 healthy Singaporean young adults (age 18–30) to complete a wide range of cognitive tasks and social questionnaires/tasks. The richness of the task/questionnaire battery and within-participant administration enables us to use computational modelling and structural equation modelling to examine connections between the latent constructs of interest.Significance and ImpactThe current study is the first systematic investigation into the construct validity of CF and its interrelationship with other important cognitive skills such as learning and creativity, within an Asian context. The study will further explore the concept of CF as a non-unitary construct, a novel theoretical proposition in the field. The inclusion of a structure learning paradigm is intended to inform future development of a novel intervention paradigm to enhance CF. Finally, the results of the study will be useful for informing classroom pedagogy and the design of lifelong learning policies and curricula, as part of the wider remit of the Cambridge-NTU Centre for Lifelong Learning and Individualised Cognition (CLIC).</div

Cognitive tasks administered in the CLIC adult study (Part II), summarised by construct.

Appendix D in S1 File documents the full task details.</p

Overall workflow of the CLIC Phase 1 adult study.

Detailed documentations of all tasks and questionnaires can be found in Appendices A to F in S1 File.</p

Main socio-cognitive questionnaires and decision-making tasks administered in the CLIC Phase 1 study (Part I), summarized by construct.

Main socio-cognitive questionnaires and decision-making tasks administered in the CLIC Phase 1 study (Part I), summarized by construct.</p