Why join the navy when you can be a pirate? A study of Chinese audience's willingness to pay for the live streaming of the premier league

This research aims to investigate the way in which the Chinese audience decides to pay for the live streaming of the English Premier League when there are also other choices from both legal and illegal sites. Following a Critical Realist position, Glaserian Grounded Theory is employed to analyse qualitative data collected through 24 semi-structured interviews to scrutinise how a willingness to pay is influenced. 15 influential factors emerged following the data analysis and were subsequently grouped into four core categories, two of which relate to external factors and the other two are specific to the interviewees. In addition, four attributes of perception are also identified through consistent comparative analysis. Our findings prompt a discussion concerning the essential role of audience interpretation, rather than other factors per se, in shaping their WTP, which has implications for promotional campaigns and points to areas in which further research could be conducted.</p

Cost-Effectiveness of Saxagliptin versus Acarbose as Second-Line Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes in China

<div><p>Objective</p><p>This study assessed the long-term cost-effectiveness of saxagliptin+metformin (SAXA+MET) versus acarbose+metformin (ACAR+MET) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled on MET alone.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Systematic literature reviews were performed to identify studies directly comparing SAXA+MET versus ACAR+MET, and to obtain diabetes-related events costs which were modified by hospital surveys. A Cardiff Diabetes Model was used to estimate the long-term economic and health treatment consequences in patients with T2DM. Costs (2014 Chinese yuan) were calculated from the payer’s perspective and estimated over a patient’s lifetime.</p><p>Results</p><p>SAXA+MET predicted lower incidences of most cardiovascular events, hypoglycemia events and fatal events, and decreased total costs compared with ACAR+MET. For an individual patient, the quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained with SAXA+MET was 0.48 more than ACAR+MET at a cost saving of ¥18,736, which resulted in a cost saving of ¥38,640 per QALY gained for SAXA+MET versus ACAR+MET. Results were robust across various univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>SAXA+MET is a cost-effective treatment alternative compared with ACAR+MET for patients with T2DM in China, with a little QALYs gain and lower costs. SAXA is an effective, well-tolerated drug with a low incidence of adverse events and ease of administration; it is anticipated to be an effective second-line therapy for T2DM treatment.</p></div

Annual Direct Medical Costs for Diabetes-Related Complications (2014 Chinese Yuan).

<p>Annual Direct Medical Costs for Diabetes-Related Complications (2014 Chinese Yuan).</p

Demographic and Risk Factors.

<p>Demographic and Risk Factors.</p

Base Case Results for Saxagliptin plus Metformin Compared with Acarbose plus Metformin (2014 Chinese yuan).

<p>Base Case Results for Saxagliptin plus Metformin Compared with Acarbose plus Metformin (2014 Chinese yuan).</p

FeCl₃‑Mediated One-Pot Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of 9‑Aryl/9-Arylethynyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro‑1<i>H</i>‑xanthen-1-ones from Propargylic Amines/Diaryl Amines and 1,3-Cyclohexanediones

An efficient, environmentally friendly and one-pot route to new 9-aryl/9-arylethynyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1<i>H</i>-xanthen-1-one derivatives from inexpensive starting materials has been developed. This method proceeded by a domino nucleophilic-substitution/​intramolecular cyclization/​dehydration sequence of propargylic amines/diaryl amines and 1,3-cyclohexanediones under the promotion of FeCl₃, which involved the formation of two new σ (C–C and C–O) bonds in a single operation for the construction of novel tetrahydroxanthene skeletons in 68–95% yields

Flow diagram of literature review.

<p>A detailed flow diagram that depicts search and selection processes.</p

FeCl₃‑Mediated One-Pot Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of 9‑Aryl/9-Arylethynyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro‑1<i>H</i>‑xanthen-1-ones from Propargylic Amines/Diaryl Amines and 1,3-Cyclohexanediones

An efficient, environmentally friendly and one-pot route to new 9-aryl/9-arylethynyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1<i>H</i>-xanthen-1-one derivatives from inexpensive starting materials has been developed. This method proceeded by a domino nucleophilic-substitution/​intramolecular cyclization/​dehydration sequence of propargylic amines/diaryl amines and 1,3-cyclohexanediones under the promotion of FeCl₃, which involved the formation of two new σ (C–C and C–O) bonds in a single operation for the construction of novel tetrahydroxanthene skeletons in 68–95% yields

Annual Treatment Costs (2014 Chinese yuan).

<p>Annual Treatment Costs (2014 Chinese yuan).</p

Scatter plot of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the treatment (saxagliptin+metformin) arm versus control (acarbose+metformin) arm with a CE threshold value of ¥46,629 (GDP per capita in China in 2014).

<p>Scatter plot of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for the treatment (saxagliptin+metformin) arm versus control (acarbose+metformin) arm with a CE threshold value of ¥46,629 (GDP per capita in China in 2014).</p