Additional file 4: of The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to vascular cells regulated by the HMGB1/RAGE axis: its application in cell therapy for transplant arteriosclerosis

Figure S3. The effect of HMGB1 treatment alone on MSC differentiation. (TIFF 1698 kb

Additional file 5: of The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to vascular cells regulated by the HMGB1/RAGE axis: its application in cell therapy for transplant arteriosclerosis

Figure S4. The expression of VEGF and PDGF-BB in isograft and allograft vessels. (TIFF 2035 kb

Additional file 5: of The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to vascular cells regulated by the HMGB1/RAGE axis: its application in cell therapy for transplant arteriosclerosis

Figure S4. The expression of VEGF and PDGF-BB in isograft and allograft vessels. (TIFF 2035 kb

Additional file 2: of The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to vascular cells regulated by the HMGB1/RAGE axis: its application in cell therapy for transplant arteriosclerosis

Figure S1. Modulation of HMGB1 and RAGE expression in MSCs by lentivirus transfection. (TIFF 5432 kb

Additional file 3: of The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to vascular cells regulated by the HMGB1/RAGE axis: its application in cell therapy for transplant arteriosclerosis

Figure S2. Determination of MSC markers by qPCR after viral transfection. (TIFF 21197 kb

Boosting the Photocurrent Density of p‑Type Solar Cells Based on Organometal Halide Perovskite-Sensitized Mesoporous NiO Photocathodes

The p–n tandem design of a sensitized solar cell is a novel concept holding the potential to overcome the efficiency limitation of conventional single-junction sensitized solar cells. Significant improvement of the photocurrent density (<i>J</i>_sc) of the p-type half-cell is a prerequisite for the realization of a highly efficient p–n tandem cell in the future. This study has demonstrated effective photocathodes based on novel organometal halide perovskite-sensitized mesoporous NiO in liquid-electrolyte-based p-type solar cells. An acceptably high <i>J</i>_sc up to 9.47 mA cm^–2 and efficiency up to 0.71% have been achieved on the basis of the CH₃NH₃PbI₃/NiO solar cell at 100 mW cm^–2 light intensity, which are significantly higher than those of any previously reported liquid-electrolyte-based p-type solar cells based on sensitizers of organic dyes or inorganic quantum dots. The dense blocking layer made by spray pyrolysis of nickel acetylacetonate holds the key to determining the current flow direction of the solar cells. High hole injection efficiency at the perovskite/NiO interface and high hole collection efficiency through the mesoporous NiO network have been proved by time-resolved photoluminescence and transient photocurrent/photovoltage decay measurements. The limitation of these p-type solar cells primarily rests with the adverse light absorption by the NiO mesoporous film; the secondary limitation arises from the highly viscous ethyl acetate-based electrolyte, which is helpful for the solar cell stability but hinders fluent diffusion into the pore channels, giving rise to a nonlinear dependence of <i>J</i>_sc on the light intensity

List of primer sequences.

<p>List of primer sequences.</p

TWEAK induced canonical NF-κB pathway activation then augmented MMP9 expression in LX-2 cells.

<p>(A) Whole cell extracts were prepared and analyzed by western blotting for the p-IκBα, IκBα and p-p65, p65 in LX-2 cells treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. β-actin served as an internal control. (B) The expression of p65 in LX-2 cells transfected with scrambled RNA (20 nM) or siRNA specific for p65 (20 nM) was examined by qRT-PCR (B) and western blotting (C). β-actin served as an internal control. (D) LX-2 cells were transfected with control siRNA (20nM) or siRNA specific for p65 (20nM) for 48 h and further incubated with TWEAK (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. The protein of p65, p-p65 and MMP9 in cell lysates were measured by western blotting. β-actin was used as a loading control. All data are represented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ****<i>P<</i>0.0001.</p

LX-2 cells migration was enhanced by TWEAK.

<p>(A) LX-2 cells were treated with vehicle (PBS) or 20 ng/ml, 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h, then the transwell assay was performed. The data shown here are from three independent experiments with similar results. Original magnification 200×. (B) The number of migrated cells were displayed as histogram, compared with the control group. The data were displayed as the mean value of cells in five fields based on three independent experiments. (C) LX-2 cells were treated with vehicle (PBS) or vary concentrations of TWEAK for 24 h or 48 h and assayed by CCK-8. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. **<i>P<</i>0.05, ***<i>P<</i>0.01 when compared with the control group.</p

TWEAK significantly increased the expression of MMP7, MMP8, MMP9, MMP13 and the activity of MMP9 in LX-2 cells.

<p>(A) The mRNA expression of MMP7, MMP8, MMP9 and MMP13 were measured by qRT-PCR in LX-2 cells treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. β-actin served as an internal control. (B) The mRNA of MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP10, MMP11 and MMP12 was examined by qRT-PCR in LX-2 cells treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. β-actin served as an internal control. (C) Western blotting to examine the expression of MMP7, MMP8, MMP9 and MMP13 in LX-2 cells treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. β-actin was used as a loading control. (D) Activated MMP9 expression in LX-2 cells culture medium was investigated by Elisa after being treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. (E) Activated MMP7, MMP8 and MMP13 in LX-2 cells culture medium were tested by Elisa after being treated with 40 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml TWEAK for 24 h. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *<i>P<</i>0.05, **<i>P<</i>0.01,****<i>P<</i>0.0001.</p