5 research outputs found
Homo- and Hetero- p–n Junctions Formed on Graphene Steps
p–n
junction is a fundamental building block in modern electronic
circuits. We report graphene p–n junctions formed by a one-step
thickness-dependent surface treatment of mono-/bilayer graphene steps.
The junction electronic properties are systemically studied by means
of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and transport measurements.
Because of the dissimilar modifications to graphene electronic properties,
the junctions behave distinctly, i.e., two-component resistance-like
for organic charge transfer doping and Shottky-junction-like for covalent
doping. By exploring the spatially potential distribution, we clarify
the potential profiles as well as the transport attributes across
the graphene p–n junction interface under lateral bias and
electrical gating. Our results not only unveil the detailed properties
of graphene p–n junction interface, but also gain an insight
into its practical applications in nanoelectronics
Tunable Plasmon–Phonon Polaritons in Layered Graphene–Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures
We
use infrared spectroscopy to explore the hybridization of graphene
plasmons and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) phonons in their heterostructures
with different compositions. We show that the degree of plasmon–phonon
hybridization and the slowing of the light group velocity within the
infrared transparency window due to the plasmon–phonon destructive
interference are dominated by hBN phonon oscillating strength, which
can be tuned by varying the hBN thickness in a layer-by-layer manner.
However, the plasmon oscillating strength in metallic graphene governs
the magnitude of infrared extinction, which exceeds 6% at around 7
ÎĽm in a graphene/hBN/graphene heterostructure due to the strong
plasmon dipole–dipole coupling. Our work demonstrates that
the infrared optical responses of graphene–hBN heterostructures
can be engineered by controlling the coupling strength of plasmon–phonon
hybridization and the overall plasmon oscillating strength simultaneously,
thus opening the avenue for the light manipulation and detection in
the mid-infrared regime based on such layered heterostructures
Black Phosphorus Radio-Frequency Transistors
Few-layer
and thin film forms of layered black phosphorus (BP) have recently
emerged as a promising material for applications in high performance nanoelectronics and infrared
optoelectronics. Layered BP thin films offer a moderate bandgap of
around 0.3 eV and high carrier mobility, which lead to transistors
with decent on–off ratios and high on-state current densities.
Here, we demonstrate the gigahertz frequency operation of BP field-effect
transistors for the first time. The BP transistors demonstrated here
show respectable current saturation with an on–off ratio that
exceeds 2 Ă— 10<sup>3</sup>. We achieved a current density in
excess of 270 mA/mm and DC transconductance above 180 mS/mm for hole
conduction. Using standard high frequency characterization techniques,
we measured a short-circuit current-gain cutoff frequency <i>f</i><sub>T</sub> of 12 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency <i>f</i><sub>max</sub> of 20 GHz in 300 nm channel length devices.
BP devices may offer advantages over graphene transistors for high
frequency electronics in terms of voltage and power gain due to the
good current saturation properties arising from their finite bandgap,
thus can be considered as a promising candidate for the future high
performance thin film electronics technology for operation in the
multi-GHz frequency range and beyond
Improving the Performance of Graphene Phototransistors Using a Heterostructure as the Light-Absorbing Layer
Interfacing
light-sensitive semiconductors with graphene can afford
high-gain phototransistors by the multiplication effect of carriers
in the semiconductor layer. So far, most devices consist of one semiconductor
light-absorbing layer, where the lack of internal built-in field can
strongly reduce the quantum efficiency and bandwidth. Here, we demonstrate
a much improved graphene phototransistor performances using an epitaxial
organic heterostructure composed of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic
dianhydride (PTCDA) and pentacene as the light-absorbing layer. Compared
with single light-absorbing material, the responsivity and response
time can be simultaneously improved by 1 and 2 orders of magnitude
over a broad band of 400–700 nm, under otherwise the same experimental
conditions. As a result, the external quantum efficiency increases
by over 800 times. Furthermore, the response time of the heterostructured
phototransistor is highly gate-tunable down to sub-30 ÎĽs, which
is among the fastest in the sensitized graphene phototransistors interfacing
with electrically passive light-absorbing semiconductors. We show
that the improvement is dominated by the efficient electron–hole
pair dissociation due to interfacial built-in field rather than bulk
absorption. The structure demonstrated here can be extended to many
other organic and inorganic semiconductors, which opens new possibilities
for high-performance graphene-based optoelectronics
Waveguide-Integrated MoTe<sub>2</sub><i>p</i>–<i>i</i>–<i>n</i> Homojunction Photodetector
Two-dimensional
(2D) materials, featuring distinctive electronic
and optical properties and dangling-bond-free surfaces, are promising
for developing high-performance on-chip photodetectors in photonic
integrated circuits. However, most of the previously reported devices
operating in the photoconductive mode suffer from a high dark current
or a low responsivity. Here, we demonstrate a MoTe2p–i–n homojunction
fabricated directly on a silicon photonic crystal (PC) waveguide,
which enables on-chip photodetection with ultralow dark current, high
responsivity, and fast response speed. The adopted silicon PC waveguide
is electrically split into two individual back gates to selectively
dope the top regions of the MoTe2 channel in p- or n-types. High-quality reconfigurable MoTe2 (p–i–n, n–i–p, n–i–n, p–i–p) homojunctions are realized successfully, presenting rectification
behaviors with ideality factors approaching 1.0 and ultralow dark
currents less than 90 pA. Waveguide-assisted MoTe2 absorption
promises a sensitive photodetection in the telecommunication O-band
from 1260 to 1340 nm, though it is close to MoTe2’s
absorption band-edge. A competitive photoresponsivity of 0.4 A/W is
realized with a light on/off current ratio exceeding 104 and a record-high normalized photocurrent-to-dark-current ratio
of 106 mW–1. The ultrasmall capacitance
of p–i–n homojunction and high carrier mobility of MoTe2 promise
a high dynamic response bandwidth close to 34.0 GHz. The proposed
device geometry has the advantages of employing a silicon PC waveguide
as the back gates to build a 2D material p–i–n homojunction directly and simultaneously
to enhance light–2D material interaction. It provides a potential
pathway to develop 2D material-based photodetectors, laser diodes,
and electro-optic modulators on silicon photonic chips