One-Step Hydrogenation−Esterification of Aldehyde and Acid to Ester over Bifunctional Pt Catalysts: A Model Reaction as Novel Route for Catalytic Upgrading of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil

The bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of biomass cannot be used effectively as engine fuel because of its high corrosiveness and instability mainly due to substantial amounts of organic acids and reactive aldehydes. In this paper a treatment of acids and aldehydes in the bio-oil was focused on. A novel upgrading method named one-step hydrogenation−esterification (OHE) was established to convert acids and aldehydes to stable and combustible components. Acetaldehyde (butyl aldehyde) and acetic acid were chosen as model compounds for the OHE reaction over platinum catalysts that acidic supports such as HZSM-5 or amorphous aluminum silicate were adopted. The catalysts were bifunctional, which means they have properties of hydrogenation and esterification. Experiments showed this, and it was a feasible route to convert these main unstable components of bio-oil to esters through this simple and effective OHE reaction. The catalysts with high surface area, large pore size distribution, small metal particles,and strong acid sites may be beneficial for the OHE reaction

Etherification of Biodiesel-Based Glycerol with Bioethanol over Tungstophosphoric Acid To Synthesize Glyceryl Ethers

Etherification of biodiesel-based glycerol with bioethanol was investigated over a series of catalysts. The etherification of glycerol performed on acid catalysts, such as H-ZSM5, H-β, tungstophosphoric acid (HPW), FeCl₃, AlCl₃, and H₂SO₄, was found. Basic catalysts (such as alkaline earth oxides, MgO) are inactive for the reaction. Bulk HPW and SiO₂-supported HPW catalysts exhibited the highest activity among the tested catalysts, with a 97.1% conversion of glycerol. Over the HPW catalyst, the etherification reactions were carried out at different temperatures, varied ratios between ethanol and glycerol, different catalyst amounts, and different reaction times. The SiO₂-supported HPW catalyst has a high initial activity, but it deactivated gradually because of the leaching of HPW

High-Efficiency Removal of NO_<i>x</i> Using a Combined Adsorption-Discharge Plasma Catalytic Process

A combined adsorption-discharge plasma catalytic process was used for the removal of NO_<i>x</i> using zeolites as catalysts without external heating. It was found that the types of plasma carrier gases exert great effect on the conversion of adsorbed NO_<i>x</i>. The conversion of adsorbed NO_<i>x</i> is much lower in N₂ plasma than in Ar plasma, which is attributed to the reverse reaction, NO_<i>x</i> formation reaction. The momentary increase of oxygen species derived from the decomposition of adsorbed NO_<i>x</i> is considered to be the main cause as their collisions with nitrogen species can generate NO_<i>x</i> again. Thus, solid carbon was added to the catalyst to act as a scavenger for active oxygen species to improve the conversion of adsorbed NO_<i>x</i> in N₂ plasma. A NO_<i>x</i> removal rate of 97.8% was obtained on 8.5wt.% carbon mixed H-ZSM-5 at an energy efficiency of 0.758 mmol NO_<i>x</i>/W·h

Additional file 2 Table S3. of Development and characterization of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from Oryza rufipogon in the genetic background of O. sativa spp. indica cultivar 9311

QTLs for ten agronomic traits detected in 198 CSSLs at Nanjing and Sanya sites. Table S1: Sequence information of SSR primers used in this study. Figure S1: Photographs of Oryza sativa spp. indica cultivar 9311 and wild rice CWR276. Figure S2: Nucleotide (A) and amino acid (B) alignments of the sh4 gene between wild rice and 9311. Wild rice alleles were cloned from CSSL85, 102, 167, and the donor parent BC276. The red rectangle indicates a substitution (K in the protein of the wild rice allele). (DOCX 36 kb

Additional file 1: Table S2. of Development and characterization of chromosome segment substitution lines derived from Oryza rufipogon in the genetic background of O. sativa spp. indica cultivar 9311

Correlation coefficients among the ten agronomic traits. (DOCX 16 kb

Multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of arterial stiffness, according to the fasting blood glucose trajectory patterns, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.

<p>Multivariable adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of arterial stiffness, according to the fasting blood glucose trajectory patterns, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.</p

Longitudinal fasting blood glucose patterns and arterial stiffness risk in a population without diabetes

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To identify long-term fasting blood glucose trajectories and to assess the association between the trajectories and the risk of arterial stiffness in individuals without diabetes.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We enrolled 16,454 non-diabetic participants from Kailuan cohort. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were measured in 2006, 2008, and 2010 survey. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocities were measured during 2011 to 2016. Multivariate regression model was used to estimate the difference of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity levels and logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) of arterial stiffness risk, according to the fasting blood glucose trajectories.</p><p>Results</p><p>We identified five distinct fasting blood glucose trajectories and each of the trajectories was labeled according to its range and change over 2006–2010 survey: elevated-stable pattern (5.0% of participants), elevated-decreasing pattern (6.6%), moderate-increasing pattern (10.9%), moderate-stable pattern (59.3%), and low-stable pattern (18.2%). After adjustment for potential confounders, individuals with elevated-stable pattern had a 42.6 cm/s (95%CI: 24.7 to 60.6 cm/s) higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity level and a 37% (OR 1.37, 95%CI: 1.14 to 1.66) higher arterial stiffness risk, and individuals with moderate-increasing pattern had a 19.6 cm/s (95%CI: 6.9 to 32.3 cm/s) higher brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity level and a 17% (OR 1.17, 95%CI: 1.03 to 1.33) higher arterial stiffness risk, related to individuals with moderate-stable pattern. We did not find significant associations of the elevated-decreasing or low-stable patterns with arterial stiffness. Consistently, the cumulative average, variability, and increased rate of fasting blood glucose during 2006–2010 survey were significantly associated with the arterial stiffness risk.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Discrete fasting blood glucose trajectories were associated with the arterial stiffness risk in non-diabetic individuals.</p></div

Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity according to the fasting blood glucose trajectory patterns, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.

<p>Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity according to the fasting blood glucose trajectory patterns, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.</p

Clinical and biochemical characteristics according to the fasting blood glucose trajectories during 2006 to 2010 survey, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.

<p>Clinical and biochemical characteristics according to the fasting blood glucose trajectories during 2006 to 2010 survey, among 16,454 Kailuan participants.</p

Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, according to the cumulative average, increase rate, and variability of fasting blood glucose from 2006 to 2010 survey.

<p>Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals of brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, according to the cumulative average, increase rate, and variability of fasting blood glucose from 2006 to 2010 survey.</p