Contribution of Ammonium-Induced Nitrifier Denitrification to N₂O in Paddy Fields

Paddy fields are one of the most important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), but biogeochemical N2O production mechanisms in the soil profile remain unclear. Our study used incubation, dual-isotope (15N–18O) labeling methods, and molecular techniques to elucidate N2O production characteristics and mechanisms in the soil profile (0–60 cm) during summer fallow, rice cropping, and winter fallow periods. The results pointed out that biotic processes dominated N2O production (72.2–100%) and N2O from the tillage layer accounted for 91.0–98.5% of total N2O in the soil profile. Heterotrophic denitrification (HD) was the main process generating N2O, contributing between 53.4 and 96.6%, the remainder being due to ammonia oxidation pathways, which was further confirmed by metagenomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays. Nitrifier denitrification (ND) was an important N2O production source, contributing 0–46.6% of total N2O production, which showed similar trends with N2O emissions. Among physicochemical and biological factors, ammonium content and the ratio of total organic matter to nitrate were the main driving factors affecting the contribution ratios of the ammonia oxidation pathways and HD pathway, respectively. Moisture content and pH affect norC-carrying Spirochetes and thus the N2O production rate. These findings confirm the importance of ND to N2O production and help to elucidate the impact of anthropogenic activities, including tillage, fertilization, and irrigation, on N2O production

Additional file 1: of Arabidopsis NUCLEOSTEMIN-LIKE 1 (NSN1) regulates cell cycling potentially by cooperating with nucleosome assembly protein AtNAP1;1

Figure S1. Sequence analysis and expression profiles of NAP1 family members. a. Homology analysis of AtNAP1 and AtNRP proteins using DNAMAN version 7. Sequence accession number: AtNAP1;1 (AT4G26110.2); AtNAP1;2 (AT2G19480); AtNAP1;3 (AT5G56950); AtNAP1;4 (AT3G13782); AtNRP1 (AT1G74560) and AtNRP2 (AT1G18800). b. Sequence alignment of AtNAP1s and AtNRPs. Black represents conserved amino acids (consensus), pink for 75% identity, blue for 50% and yellow for 33% identity. c. Comparison of the transcriptional expression pattern of AtNAP1 paralog genes in flower from Arabidopsis eFP Browser ( http://bar.utoronto.ca/efp_arabidopsis ). (JPG 3822 kb

Additional file 2: of Arabidopsis NUCLEOSTEMIN-LIKE 1 (NSN1) regulates cell cycling potentially by cooperating with nucleosome assembly protein AtNAP1;1

Table S1. Analysis of protein identity among AtNRP1s and AtNRPs. (PDF 98 kb

Involvement of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Tyro3 in Amyloidogenic APP Processing and β-Amyloid Deposition in Alzheimer's Disease Models

<div><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease known to humankind. It is characterized by brain atrophy, extracellular amyloid plaques, and intracellular neurofibril tangles. β-amyloid cascade is considered the major causative player in AD. Up until now, the mechanisms underlying the process of Aβ generation and accumulation in the brain have not been well understood. Tyro3 receptor belongs to the TAM receptor subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RPTKs). It is specifically expressed in the neurons of the neocortex and hippocampus. In this study, we established a cell model stably expressing APPswe mutants and producing Aβ. We found that overexpression of Tyro3 receptor in the cell model significantly decreased Aβ generation and also down-regulated the expression of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme (BACE1). However, the effects of Tyro3 were inhibited by its natural ligand, Gas6, in a concentration-dependent manner. In order to confirm the role of Tyro3 in the progression of AD development, we generated an AD transgenic mouse model accompanied by Tyro3 knockdown. We observed a significant increase in the number of amyloid plaques in the hippocampus in the mouse model. More plaque-associated clusters of astroglia were also detected. The present study may help researchers determine the role of Tyro3 receptor in the neuropathology of AD.</p> </div

Impacts of 100 Hz EA stimulation on striatal DA and its metabolites.

<p>(A) DA. (B) DOPAC. (C) HVA. (D) DA turnover. ***<i>p<</i>0.001 <i>vs.</i> NS group; ^###<i>p<</i>0.001 <i>vs.</i> 0 Hz+MPTP group. n = 9∼11.</p

Micro-selection and Macro-orientation Strategy Enables High-Areal-Capacity Magnesium Metal Anode

Developing magnesium (Mg) metal electrodes for extended cycling at practical areal capacities is crucial for the commercialization of Mg battery commercialization. However, a higher areal-capacity operation requires greater Mg nucleation ability, which is further complicated by the fact that Mg faces a higher desolvation barrier than Li. This study investigates the correlation between the operated areal capacity and a short circuit. Accelerated lifespan degradation (670 to 15 h) occurs with increased areal capacity due to a short circuit from uneven Mg plating. Using insights, a micro-selection and macro-orientation strategy inspired by glass fiber-MXene (GF-MXene) substrate is developed for controlling Mg plating/stripping at high areal capacity. Synchronous morphological analysis reveals selective Mg plating on microscale MXene sheets and oriented plating/stripping in the macroscopic substrate greatly mitigates short circuiting, delivering high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.4%) for 700 h under 2.5 mAh cm–2 and extended cycle life (340 h) at 5 mAh cm–2, providing practical possibilities for Mg metal anodes applications

Micro-selection and Macro-orientation Strategy Enables High-Areal-Capacity Magnesium Metal Anode

Developing magnesium (Mg) metal electrodes for extended cycling at practical areal capacities is crucial for the commercialization of Mg battery commercialization. However, a higher areal-capacity operation requires greater Mg nucleation ability, which is further complicated by the fact that Mg faces a higher desolvation barrier than Li. This study investigates the correlation between the operated areal capacity and a short circuit. Accelerated lifespan degradation (670 to 15 h) occurs with increased areal capacity due to a short circuit from uneven Mg plating. Using insights, a micro-selection and macro-orientation strategy inspired by glass fiber-MXene (GF-MXene) substrate is developed for controlling Mg plating/stripping at high areal capacity. Synchronous morphological analysis reveals selective Mg plating on microscale MXene sheets and oriented plating/stripping in the macroscopic substrate greatly mitigates short circuiting, delivering high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.4%) for 700 h under 2.5 mAh cm–2 and extended cycle life (340 h) at 5 mAh cm–2, providing practical possibilities for Mg metal anodes applications

Tyro 3-CFP transiently overexpressing in 293APPswe cells.

<p>(A) In live 293APPswe cells, Tyro3-CFP fusion and green fluorescent protein (GFP), phase contrast image, and merged image were observed by confocol microscopy after 24 h of transfection with CMV-Tyro3-CFP and CMV-GFP, respectively. The merged portrait consists of transfected cells, and the bar scale is 100 μm. Transfection efficiency of CMV-Tyro3-CFP in 293APPswe is equal to that of CMV-GFP in these cells. (B) Enlarged image from 293APPswe cells overexpressing Tyro3-CFP. (C) Enlarged image from 293APPswe cells overexpressing GFP. (D) Western blot for Tyro3 of protein extracts from GFP transfected 293APPswe cells and Tyro3-CFP transfected 293APPswe cells. The protein level of Tyro3 in 293APPswe cells transfected with CMV-Tyro3-CFP was found to be higher than in controls transfected with CMV-GFP. GAPDH was used as a loading control. (E) Statistical analysis showed a significant increase in the level of Tyro3 in the Tyro3-CFP overexpressing cells (***<i>P</i><0.001).</p

MPTP reduces the number of TH-ir neurons in the SNpc.

<p>(A and F) NS group. (B and G) MPTP group on day 6. (C and H) MPTP group on day 12. (D and I) MPTP group on day 18. (E and J) MPTP group on day 24. (K) Quantification of TH-ir neuronal profiles in the SNpc. Scale bar, 200 µm (A, B, C, D and E) and 50 µm (F, G, H, I and J). n = 3∼4.</p

Tyro3 knockdown significantly increases Aβ plaque formation in the CA1 and subiculum area but not in the DG region in 5XFAD mouse brains.

<p>A–L), Aβ immunoreactive plaques in the (A–F) hippocampus (G–L) and cortex of (A–C, G–I) 5XFAD transgenic mice and (D–F, J–K) 5XFAD; T−/+ crossed mice, respectively. 6E10 immunoreactive plaques are shown as red fluorescence and nuclei are stained blue by Hoechst. CA1 and DG regions are indicated with lines. Scale bar = 200 μm. (M–O) Enlarged plaques were detected by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Scale bar = 25 μm. (P, Q) Aβ immunohistochemical images showing Aβ-positive plaques in the subiculum of 5XFAD and 5XFAD; T−/+ mice. Scale bar = 500 μm. (R, S) Quantification of plaques showing both the number of plaques (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039035#pone-0039035-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5R</a>-a, S-a) and average area occupied by plaques (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0039035#pone-0039035-g005" target="_blank">Figure 5R</a>-b, S-b) are increased in CA1 and subiculum areas in 5XFAD; T−/+ mice compared with 5XFAD controls. However, the number of plaques in DG region in 5XFAD; T−/+ mouse brain was much higher than that of 5XFAD controls. ***<i>P</i><0.001, **P<0.01, *<i>P</i><0.05 versus 5XFAD transgenic controls (student's t-test or two way ANOVA).</p