China and the Japanese traditional family inheritance system

本文は現代両国の「家」に大きな影響を与えていた中国明清時代に普遍的に存在していた「同居共財」という関係下の「家」と、日本近世(江戸時代)における武家の「家」を対象に、その概念、相続の内容と形態上の種々の相違を明らかにした。さらに、両国における伝統的な「家」相続制度が及ぼす現代への影響を総括した

Feasibility of Power and Methanol Production by an Entrained-Flow Coal Gasification System

Sustainability metrics, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment, and a technoeconomic evaluation are presented for an optimized entrained-flow coal oxy-combustion plant with carbon capture to produce power and methanol. The aim of the study is to assess the feasibility of coproducing methanol in a coal-based power plant with an entrained-flow coal gasification system. Coal-based methanol, as an attractive liquid transportation fuel as well as an essential intermediate chemical feedstock, can fill a possible gap between declining fossil fuel supplies and movement toward the hydrogen economy. Within the plant, first the coal is fed to a pyrolysis reactor, and then the volatile matter is fed into an oxy-combustion reactor while the char is gasified in an entrained-flow gasifier. The remaining char is gasified. The heat is used to produce electricity, while the syngas is converted to methanol. The integral plant, consisting of an air separation unit, oxy-combustion of coal, gasification of char, electric power production, carbon capture, and conversion to methanol, was designed and optimized using the Aspen Plus package. The optimization includes the design specification of process heat integration using an energy analyzer toward a more efficient clean-coal technology with methanol production. The plant uses 500 metric tons (MT) of Powder River Basin coal and 2231.03 MT of air per day and produces 32.76 MWh of electric power and 207.99 MT of methanol per day. The total amount of captured CO₂ is 589.75 MT/day, and nitrogen is also produced at 1309.33 MT/day. A multicriteria decision matrix consisting of economic indicators as well as the sustainability metrics is developed to assess the feasibility of the extended plant. Methanol production in addition to power production may improve the overall feasibility of coal-powered plants

Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Froth Multiphase Systems from Oil Sands Operations Using a Headspace GC–MS Method

Degradation of air quality due to oil sands operations is one of the largest concerns for stakeholders and regulators. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from tailings ponds are an important contributor to poor air quality. Current government regulations impose a limit on hydrocarbon losses to the froth treatment tailings at 4 barrels per 1000 barrels of dry bitumen produced. However, considering the scale of bitumen production, atmospheric pollution from allowable VOC emissions is still problematic. One source of solvent loss to tailings ponds is solvent trapped in rag layers formed during froth treatment (a multiphase system that sometimes develops at the interface between the diluted bitumen and water). It would be useful to have a method for directly determining solvent loss in rag layers as support to efforts to optimize solvent recovery from froth treatment tailings. In this paper, analytical methods for the direct determination of solvent content in multiphase waste streams from oil sand froth treatment have been developed using headspace sampling combined with gas chromatographic separation and mass spectroscopic detection. The respective detection limits for heptane, toluene, octane, and <i>p</i>-xylene in the water layer are 0.1, 0.4, 0.03, and 0.4 ppm. The detection limits for heptane, toluene, octane, and <i>p</i>-xylene in the rag layer and oil are all approximately 1 wt %. The respective detection limits for naphtha in water, rag layer, and oil are 0.5 ppm, 6 wt %, and 6 wt %

Additional file 1: of Spatial and temporal analysis of tuberculosis in Zhejiang Province, China, 2009-2012

Multilingual abstracts in the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 548 kb

HPLC elution profiles of α-mangostin standard and sample.

<p>HPLC elution profiles of α-mangostin standard and sample.</p

Fluorescence quenching spectra of α-mangostin-HSA and α-mangostin-TRF systems at 25°C and 37°C.

<p><i>C</i>_protein = 10 μM; <i>C</i>_α-mangostin 1 to 8 = 0, 4, 8, 10, 16, 24, 32, 40 μM. Spectrum a: 40 μM α-mangostin with no protein added.</p

The thermodynamic parameters of α-mangostin binding with HSA/TRF.

<p>The thermodynamic parameters of α-mangostin binding with HSA/TRF.</p

The fluorescence spectrum and absorption spectrum overlap charts of the binding reaction between α-mangostin and HSA or TRF.

<p>The fluorescence spectrum and absorption spectrum overlap charts of the binding reaction between α-mangostin and HSA or TRF.</p

Effect of α-mangostin on synchronous fluorescence spectra of HSA or TRF.

<p><i>C</i>_protein = 10 μM; <i>C</i>_α-mangostin 1 to 8 = 0, 4, 8, 10, 16, 24, 32, 40 μM.</p

An Improved Artificial Bee Colony-Based Approach for Zoning Protected Ecological Areas

<div><p>China is facing ecological and environmental challenges as its urban growth rate continues to rise, and zoning protected ecological areas is recognized as an effective response measure. Zoning inherently involves both site attributes and aggregation attributes, and the combination of mathematical models and heuristic algorithms have proven advantageous. In this article, an improved artificial bee colony (IABC)-based approach is proposed for zoning protected ecological areas at a regional scale. Three main improvements were made: the first is the use of multiple strategies to generate the initial bee population of a specific quality and diversity, the second is an exploitation search procedure to generate neighbor solutions combining “replace” and “alter” operations, and the third is a “swap” strategy to enable a local search for the iterative optimal solution. The IABC algorithm was verified using simulated data. Then it was applied to define an optimum scheme of protected ecological areas of Sanya (in the Hainan province of China), and a reasonable solution was obtained. Finally, a comparison experiment with other methods (agent-based land allocation model, ant colony optimization, and density slicing) was conducted and demonstrated that the IABC algorithm was more effective and efficient than the other methods. Through this study, we aimed to provide a scientifically sound, practical approach for zoning procedures.</p></div